Контольная Louisiana purchase
I. Закончите предложения соответствующим вспомогательным глаголом, переведите на русский язык.
1. I won’t live here, but I wish I (...)
2. I didn't go to disco last night, but I wish I (...)
3. I want to sing, but I can't. I wish I (...)
4. I can’t dance well, but I wish I (...)
5. I didn't do my lessons article, but I wish I (…)
6. She doesn't have a cottage, but she wishes she ( ...)
7. He didn't buy that jacket, but he wishes he (...)
8. She can’t paint well, but she wishes she (...)
9. I'm not on holiday, but I wish I (…)
10. I don't know her, but I wish I (...)
II. Переведите предложения на английский язык.
1. Жаль, что он не знает моего адреса.
2. Жаль, что сейчас не зима.
3. Как жаль, что она не зашла ко мне вчера.
4. Хотелось бы, чтобы мои родители были здоровы.
5. Как жаль, что я не живу в России.
6. Как жаль, что я не посмотрел этот фильм вчера.
7. Как жаль, что он не знает, как решать эту задачу.
8. Как жаль, что я не сдач математику на «отлично» в прошлом семестр.
9. Как жаль, что твой сын не поступил в институт в прошлом году.
10. Жать, что вы не хотите приехать к нам.
III. Раскройте скобки, вставив в предложения соответствующие конструкции used to и would; если возможны оба варианта, укажите это.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. We (...) go to the country to have picnics in the youth, now we prefer good restaurants.
2. He (...) go to the night clubs, now he goes to sport clubs.
3. There (...) be a theatre here, now there is a warehouse.
4. She can no longer play the piano as she (...).
5. She (...) be a good chef, now she is a good grandmother.
6. They (...) go dancing, now they are too busy.
7. She (…) be a housewife, now she is a top manager.
8. In the evenings she (...) watch TV a lot, now she reads.
9. I have a cold shower in the mornings, now he does not.
10. He (...) be a good driver, now he prefers walking.
IV. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на выражение to have something done
1. I have had my fridge repaired recently.
2. She is going to have her furniture removed tomorrow.
3. He had his appendix operated last month.
4. I’ll have my ceiling painted tomorrow.
5. She had her letter sent to a wrong address.
6. He has just had his computer service.
V. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глагол в требующемся времени, учитывая правила согласования времен, и переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. He says that he (to be going to buy) a cottage at the seaside.
2. I heard that she (to change) her work not long ago.
3. He announced that his wife (to be promoted) that summer.
4. He knows where his wife (to get) the money to buy a new fur coat.
5. I knew they (to decide to become) military men.
6. I hey realized that they (will never go) to that country again.
7. He remembered that she (to live) next door.
8. He learnt that his son (to be going to return home) from the war.
9. I didn't know that they (lo steal) a car.
10. They understood that the teacher (to forgive) their bad behavior.
VI. Переведите предложения из прямой речи в косвенную.
1. “I am living in London now," said Charlie.
2. My father isn't very well,” said Charlie.
3. Sharon and Paul are getting married next week." said Charlie.
4. “Margaret has had a baby," said Charlie.
5. “I don't know what Fred is doing,” said Charlie.
6. “I haven't seen Diane recently,” said Charlie.
7. “I saw Helen at a party in June," said Charlie.
8. You can come and have dinner," said Charlie.
9. “My car was stolen a few days ago," said Charlie,
10. “I’ll tell Ann I saw you," said Charlie.
VII. Переведите английские пословицы на русский язык или дайте их эквивалент.
1. The early bird catches the worm.
2. Cut the coal according to your cloth.
3. The road to hell is paved with good intentions.
4. You can lead a horse to water but you can't make him drink.
5. One's man meat is another man's poison.
Переведите тексты письменно
Text 1. Louisiana purchase
Until 1803 the Mississippi River was the western boundary of the United States, the land beyond belonged to France and Spain. In that year President Tomas Jefferson purchased from France the large area between the Mississippi and the Rocky Mountains, which was called Louisiana (after King Louis of France). This transaction, known as Louisiana Purchase, added of two million square kilometers of territory (825,000 square miles) to the United States. The Louisiana Purchase marked the end of Napoleon’s plans for a colonial Empire in North America and ensured free navigation on the Mississippi River for the United States.
Jefferson kept his negotiations with France in secret until he reached the agreement, then he sought approval from the United States Senate. This Act was clearly unconstitutional and contrary to Jefferson’s own philosophy of limited executive power, but he recognized that the opportunity to extend the sovereignty of the United States over the North American Continent was too great to risk losing because of the opposition from Congress. Even Jefferson’s political enemies accepted the agreement because for four cents an acre, he had doubled the size of the country.
Jefferson then sent a military expedition under Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to measure and survey the territory he had purchased. He was particularly interested in determining a practical land-water route to the Pacific Ocean. He hoped to establish peaceful relations with the tribal peoples along the route, and to prepare the way for trade and commerce with them.
Starting out from St. Louis on May 14, 1804, Lewis and Clark (and their party of frontiersmen) made their way northwest, traveling by flatboat. The party reached the Pacific on Non ember 17. 1805. Upon their return to St. Lois, they received a welcome as exuberant as that given to the Apollo 8 astronauts in 1969 when they returned from the first trip from the moon. But unlike the Apollo mission, the Lewis and Clark expedition opened the way to thousands of new settlers. Many of these pioneers, with all their belongings in covered wagons pulled by oxen, continued beyond the country's western border and settled in Texas, California, and Oregon Country.
Text 2. The foundation stones
The island
However complicated the modern industrial state may be, land and climate affect life in every country. They affect social and economic life, population and even politics. Britain is no exception. It has a milder climate than much of the European mainland because it lies in the way of the Gulf Stream, which brings warm water and winds from the Gulf of Mexico. Within Britain there are differences of climate between north and south, east and west. The north is on average 5 °C cooler than the south. Annual rainfall in the east is on average about 600 mm, while in many parts of the west it is more than double that. The countryside is varied also. The north and west are mountainous or hilly. Much of the south and east is fairly flat, or low-lying. This means that the south and east on the whole have better agricultural conditions, and it is possible to harvest crops in early August, two months earlier than in the north. So it is not surprising that southeast Britain has always been the most populated part of the island. For this reason it has always had the most political power.
Britain is an island, and Britain’s history has been closely connected with the sea. Until modern times it was as easy to travel across water as it was across land, where roads were frequently unusable. At moments of great danger Britain has been saved from danger by its surrounding seas.
Stonehenge is the most powerful monument of Britain’s prehistory. Its purpose is still not properly understood. Those who built Stonehenge knew how to cut and move very large pieces of stone, and place horizontal stone beams across the upright pillars. They also had the authority to control large numbers of workers, and to fetch some of the stone from distant parts of Wales.
Britain’s prehistory
Britain has not always been an island. It became one only after the end of the last ice age. The temperature rose and the ice cap melted, flooding the lower-lying land that is now under the North Sea and the English Channel.
The Ice Age was not just one long equally cold period. There were warmer times when the ice cap retreated, and colder periods when the ice cap reached as far south as the River Thames. Our first evidence of human life is a few stone tools, dating rot of the warmer periods, about 250,000 BC. These simple objects show that there were two different kinds of inhabitants. The earlier group made their tools from flakes of flint, similar in kind to stone tools found across the north European plain as far as Russia. The other group made tools from a central core of flint, probably the earliest method of human tool making, which spread from Africa to Europe. Hand axes made in this way have been found widely, as far north as Yorkshire and as far west as Wales.
However, the ice advanced again and Britain became hardly habitable until an¬other milder period, probably around 50,000 BC. During this time a new type of human being seems to have arrived, who was the ancestor of the modem British. These people looked similar to the modem British, but were probably smaller and had a life span of only about thirty years.
Around 10,000 BC, as the Ice Age drew to a close. Britain was peopled by small groups of hunters, gatherers and fishers. Few had settled homes, and they seemed to have followed herds of deer which provided them with food and clothing. By about 5000 BC Britain had finally become an island, and had also become heavily forested. For the wanderer-hunter culture this was a disaster, for the cold-loving deer and other animals on which they lived largely died out.
About 3000 BC Neolithic (or New Stone Age) people crossed the narrow sea from Europe in small round boats of bent wood covered with animal skins. Each could carry one or two persons. These people kept animals and grew com crops, and knew how to make pottery. They probably came from cither the Iberian (Spanish) peninsula or even the North African coast. They were small, dark, and long-headed people, and may be the forefathers of dark-haired inhabitants of Wales and Cornwall today. They settled in the western parts of Britain and Ireland, from Cornwall at the southwest end of Britain all the way to the far north.
These were the first of several waves of invaders before the first arrival of the Romans in 55 BC. It used to be thought that these waves of invaders marked fresh stages in British development. However, although they must have brought new ideas and methods, it is now thought that the changing pattern of Britain’s prehistory was the result of local economic and social forces.
The great “public works” of this time, which needed a huge organisation of labour, tell us a little of how prehistoric Britain was developing. The earlier of these works were great “barrows", or burial mounds, made of earth or stone. Most of these burrows are found on the chalk uplands of south Britain. Today these uplands have poor soil and few trees, but they were not like that then. They were airy woodlands that could easily be cleared for fanning, and as a result were the most easily habitable part of the countryside. Eventually, and over a very long period, these areas became overfarmed, while by 1400 BC the climate became drier, and as a result this land could no longer support many people. It is difficult today to imagine these areas, particularly the uplands of Wiltshire and Dorset, as heavily peopled areas.
Yet the monuments remain. After 3000 BC the chalkland people started building great circles of earth banks and ditches. Inside, they built wooden buildings and stone circles. These “henges”, as they are called, were centres of religious, political and economic power. By far the most spectacular, both then and now, was Stonehenge, which was built in separate stages over a period of more than a thousand years. The precise purposes of Stonehenge remain a mystery, but during the second phase of building, after about 2400 BC, huge bluestones were brought to the site from south Wales. This could only have been achieved because the political authority of the area surrounding Stonehenge was recognized over a very large area, indeed probably over the whole of the British Isles. The movement of these bluestones was an extremely important event, the story of which was passed on from generation to generation. Three thousand years later, these unwritten memories were recorded in Geoffrey of Monmouth’s History of Britain, written in 1136.
Stonehenge was almost certainly a sort of capital, to which the chiefs of other groups came from all over Britain. Certainly, earth or stone henges were built in many parts of Britain, as far as Orkney Islands north of Scotland, and as far south as Cornwall. They seem to have been copies of the great Stonehenge in the south. In Ireland the centre of prehistoric civilization grew around the River Boyne and at Tara in Ulster. The importance of these places in folk memory far outlasted the builders of the monuments.
After 2400 BC new groups of people arrived in southeast Britain from Europe. They were round-headed and strongly built, taller than Neolithic Britons. It is not known whether they invaded by armed force, or whether they were invited by Neolithic Britons, because of their military or metal-working skills. Their influence was soon felt and as a result, they became leaders of British society. Their arrival is marked by the first individual graves, furnished with pottery beakers, from which these people get their name “Beaker” people.
Why did people now decide to be buried separately and give up the old communal burial barrows? It is difficult to be certain, but it is thought that the old barrows were built partly to please the gods of the soil, in the hope that this would stop the chalk upland soil getting poorer. The Beaker people brought with them from Europe a new cereal, barley, which could grow almost anywhere. Perhaps they felt it was no longer necessary to please the gods of the chalk upland soil. The Beaker people probably spoke an Indo-European language. They seem to have brought a single culture to the whole of Britain. They also brought skills to make bronze tools and these began to replace stone ones. But they accepted many of the old ways, Stonehenge remained the most important centre until 1300 bc. The Beaker people's richest graves were there, and they added a new circle of thirty stone columns, this time connected by stone lintels, or cross-pieces. British society continued to be centred on a number of henges across the countryside. However, from about 1300 bc onwards the henge civilisation seems to have become less important, and was overtaken by a new form of society in southern England, that of a settled farming class. At first this farming society developed in order to feed the people at the henges, but eventually it became more important and powerful as it grew richer. The new farmers grew wealthy because they learned to enrich the soil with natural waste materials so that it did not become poor and useless. This change probably happened at about the same time that the chalk uplands were becoming drier. Family villages and fortified enclosures appeared across the landscape, in lower-lying areas as well as on the chalk hills, and the old central control of Stonehenge and the other henges was lost. From this time, too, power seems to have shifted to the Thames valley and southeast Britain. Except for short periods, political and economic power has remained in the southeast ever since. Hill-forts replaced henges as the centres of local power, and most of these were found in the southeast, suggesting that the land successfully supported more people here than elsewhere.
There was another reason for the shift of power eastwards. A number of better-designed bronze swords have been found in the Thames valley, suggesting that the local people had more advanced metalworking skills. Many of these swords have been found in river beds, almost certainly thrown in for religious reasons. This custom may be the origin of the story of the legendary King Arthur's sword, which was given to him from out of the water and which was thrown back into the water when he died.
Контрольная состоит из семи заданий и текстов которые нужно перевести с английского на русский язык.
