The engineering profession
I
1. Перепишите следующие предложения и определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием —s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:
a) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;
b) показателем множественного числа имени существительного;
c) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. His mention of this town on the river Volga dates back to 1589.
2. This train leaves 5 minutes after the arrival of the first one.
3. Children's mother knows nothing about these events.
4. The doors of the Moscow state University are always open to boys and girls - who want to get knowledge.
5. Artistes of many nationalities will take part in the concerts of Nikulin's circus.
6. In ancient times all great erections were carried out by slaves' labour.
7. He has already done his tasks but she has written theirs and yours.
8. Russian Federation's higher school is going to celebrate 250-th anniversary the Moscow state Lomonosov's University. Don't worry this is at a mile's distance from TSU.
9. This substance consists of two elements: oxygen and hydrogen.
2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на особенности перевода определений, выраженных именем существительным.
1. Reverse movement load chain restrictor.
2. Modern youth, sportsmen, speedway, auto races city are situated near Zhyguli Mountains.
3. They were crawling about stone or concrete or may be brick wall from evening till morning at that time.
4. During our 2-hour visit we have seen a lot Tretiakov State picture gallery.
5. Moscow has become a five-sea port, four-rail-way station and four-airport capital.
6. Volga hydro power station director allowed us to get acquainted with several hydro-turbo-unit equipment.
7. Everybody knows that Zhyguli mountains were S. Rusin's and E. Pugachov's rebels home.
8. Volga automobile plant construction is remembered by our youth.
9. Anybody likes eating river-sea or poultry products but somebody prefers to them beef, mutton or pork for dinner course.
10. Yesterday at the conference we were discussing this year cotton yarn production figures.
3. Перепишите предложения, содержащие различные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.
1. Не has already finished this work but not so quick as his teacher wanted him to do.
2. The more we study English grammar and words the sooner we will speak better.
3. Natasha rides motorcycle as well as I but Ann does this the best of us.
4. The longest distances have become the shortest due to using mobile telephones.
5. Beauty has got 3 degrees of comparison: beautiful has positive degrees of quality; more beautiful has comparative degree and the most beautiful is superlative degree of quality.
6. They have reached the finish later than I: due to frosts it took them as much time as for beginners.
7. Ann's English oral speech is much better than yours.
8. The Volga River is the longest one as compared with other rivers of our country.
9. Moscow "Ostankino" TV tower is the tallest one in the world.
10. We consider that we were shown the shortest way to the camp but it appeared that it was the longest one.
4. Перепишите предложения, переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на особенности перевода различных типов местоимений, и подчеркните их:
1. All of us were looking for these children everywhere but saw them nowhere.
2. They wanted to enjoy themselves with that drink in any bar with their girls.
3. Both of us have not got any permission to use anyone of those noisy motorcycles neither here nor there.
4. Every student of TSU should help each other at any time of study or exams.
5. Are you or they ready to meet anybody of us anywhere in TSU?
6. Hurry up! He has little time to visit either his mother or cinema with his sister.
7. Many of their works require a good deal of attention in order to carry out analyses of such a large number of artistes.
8. Who, when and why decided to explain difference in usage of many and much, few and little?
9. To posses some abilities in conversational English is much more better than to have nothing that helps anybody to understand everybody.
10. None of both statements were correct neither theirs nor ours.
5. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на особенности перевода предлогов, и подчеркните их.
1. At that time she wanted to be with her relatives, among and near her friends.
2. Children were being looked for near and around the lake, at it and even in its waters from morning, before and after dinner till late night.
3. In order to know more about the Victory and battles against nazi troops at and around the cities - the heroes of our country - students of TSU went into town cinemas.
4. Friends decided to meet again between columns of the "Bolshoj" or behind the monument to Sverdlov, which is situated towards the metro station.
5. The professor - teaching staff conference will have been opened in the hall on the second floor of TSU under the guidance of professor K.Zhukov by 1000 tomorrow.
6. Yesterday from morning till dinner and since that our team was skiing out of TSU, up and down the hills, throughout the forest, along the Volga bank, across the highway and over the wooden bridge up to our gate till 2100.
7. Because of thick fog and due to that they marched off on a walk in the forest without a guide and compass they were straying around and across, looking for the way out of it to our camp, within a long time: from morning and up to dinner.
8. The time-table for the extramural students has to be signed below by the dean of the faculty and above or over - by the rector of the university.
9. Relying upon my proposal during this summer vocations my friends spent about a week at the waterfall, under the sunrays and streams of warm water about ancient Zhiguli mountains.
10. Russian peoples will never forget heroic defenders of our Motherland who crashed fascist invaders during the GPW at and under Volgograd, around Leningrad, near Moscow, about Kursk and inside Berlin.
6. Перепишите предложения определите в каждом из них видовременную форму и залог сказуемых, укажите их инфинитивы и переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Peoples of our country and patriots all over the world celebrated the 60th anniversary of the great Victory over nazi invaders as their sacred holiday.
2. Nowadays polymers are referred to as materials of vital in the everyday life and for our industry.
3. Achievements in science and technology will always provide for the progress in the Russian Federation economy and in the well being of our peoples.
4. Children's super market "Air hall" has already been working for several months in our town.
5. Everyday life of Londoners will often be affected by a fog of different colors.
6. New space rocket engines developed and constructed on Samara enterprises excite in us a feeling of pride on our scientists and our personal participation in space exploration.
7. A railway, a highway, power transmission line, oxygen and water pipe-lines were being laid to mines during summer season.
8. Students of our group will have already taken all credit tests and prepared themselves for the state graduation exams by the 25-th of May.
9. On Friday because of the heavy storm our sport teams were waiting for the plane to get to the competitions from the morning till dinner.
10. The most important information about new types of computers, discoveries, inventions and urgent changes in country's life will have been published by the end of this year.
11. The United Nation's charter had already been signed and ratified by the Great powers and 50 founder-states before it came into force.
12. Progressive mankind will have been celebrating the Victory Day for 61 year by the 9th of May 2006.
13. The world known scientist N. Bohr had already accepted Rutherford's model of atom before new trends of this theory appeared.
14. Nowadays students and professor-teaching staff of our country are preparing to celebrate the 250-th anniversary of Moscow state university after M. Lomonosov.
15. New coal, oil, gas and other deposits of energy have already been discovered in different regions of the Russian Federation.
16. Specialists had been fighting against fires in the Siberian taiga during several weeks when they received the order to go in Armenia to save peoples after earthquake.
17. Special application of light has led the researchers of our state to the development of lasers and masers which are widely used in the science and engineering.
18. The teaching staff of the foreign languages mastering center "Intercom" will be marking 5-year jubilee of its foundation from the first and up to the fifth of September.
19. The dominant quantities of electric energy are being generated now in the Russian Federation by atomic power stations.
20. Extramural students were proposed to use paid leaves in order to prepare for credit tests and to take their exams.
7. Прочитайте текст и устно переведите его. Письменно переведите 1-ый, 3-ий и 4-ый абзацы.
The engineering profession
Engineering is one of the most ancient occupations in history. Without the skills included in the broad field of engineering, our present-day civilization never could have evolved. The first toolmakers who chipped arrows and spears from rock were the forerunners of modern mechanical engineers. The craftsmen who discovered metals in the earth and use them were the ancestors of mining and metallurgical engineers and the skilled technicians who devised irrigation systems and erected the marvelous buildings of the ancient world were the civil engineers of their time.
Engineering is often defined as making practical application of theoretical sciences such as physics and mathematics. Many of the early branches of engineering were based not on sciences but on empirical information that depended on observation and experience.
The great engineering works of ancient times were constructed and operated largely by means of slave labor. During the Middle Ages people began to seek devices and methods of work that were more efficient and humane. Wind, water and animals were used to provide energy for some of these new devices. This led to the Industrial Revolution that began in the eighteenth century. First steam engines and then other kinds of the work that had previous been done by human beings or by animals. James Watt, one of the key figures in the early development of steam engines, devised the concept of horsepower to make his customers understand the amount of work that his machines could perform.
Since the nineteenth century both scientific and practical application of its results has escalated. The mechanical ability to calculate the mechanical advantage
is the results from the complex interaction of many different mechanisms. He or she has new and stronger materials to work with and enormous new sources of power. The Industrial Revolution began by putting water and steam to work. Since then machines using electricity, gasoline and other energy sources have become so wide spread that they now do a very large amount of the world's work.
8. Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1. Who were the forerunners of modern mechanical, metallurgical and civil engineers?
2. How is engineering often defined?
3. What kind of information were many of the early branches of engineering based on? Give some examples.
4. Name two important factors in the explosion of scientific knowledge in modern times.
5. What made in the middle Ages in Europe begin to experiment with new devices and methods of work?
6. What was the historical result of experiments with different kinds of energy?
7. James Watt or who invented the concept of horsepower?
8. Name main advantages which scientific research and its application have given to the mechanical engineer.
9. Do you know energy sources which have come into common use since steam engines were developed at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution?
10. What engineering specialties do you know?
9. Определите основное содержание 2-ого абзаца текста и запишите его по-русски по образцу:
10. Укажите буквами правой колонки окончание предложения левой колонки:
1. Engineering is ...
2. It is based on...
3. In ancient times engineering work was done ...
4. In the Middle Ages the methods and devices of work...
5. In the 18th century ...
6. Steam gave man...
7. Since the 19th century both scientific research and its practical usage...
8. In the 20th century the mechanical engineer had...
9. The engineer has new and ...
10. There are many engineering specialties, namely ...
a) many new sources of power such as electricity, gasoline atomic power..
b) the Industrial Revolution began.
c) one of the most ancient occupation in history.
d) and much stronger materials to work with.
e) by means of slave labor.
f) became more efficient.
g) theoretical sciences such as physics and mathematics.
h) great sources of energy.
i) have greatly progressed.
k) mechanical, mining, civil, metallurgical engineer.
Контрольная большая, но не сложная.
