The Internet
The Internet
The Internet, a global computer network which embraces millions of users all over the world, began in the United States in 1969 as a military experiment. It was designed to survive a nuclear war. Information sent over the Internet takes the shortest path available from one computer to another. Because of this, any two computers on the Internet will be able to stay in touch with each other as long as there is a single route between them. This technology is called packet switching. Owing to this technology, if some computers on the network are knocked out (by a nuclear explosion, for example), information will just route around them. One such packet-switching network which has already survived a war is the Iraqi computer network which was not knocked out during the Gulf War.
Most of the Internet host computers (more than 50 %) are in the United States, while the rest are located in more than 100 other countries. Although the number of host computers can be counted fairly accurately, nobody knows exactly how many people use the Internet, there are millions worldwide, and their number is growing by thousands each month.
The most popular Internet service is e-mail. Most of the people, who have access to the Internet, use the network only for sending and receiving с-mail messages. However, other popular services are available on the Internet: reading USENET News, using the World-Wide Web, telnet, FTP, and Gopher.
In many developing countries the Internet may provide businessmen with a reliable alternative to the expensive and unreliable telecommunications systems of these countries. Commercial users can communicate cheaply over the Internet with the rest of the world. When they send e-mail messages, they only have to pay for phone calls to their local service providers, not for calls across their countries or around the world.
But who actually pays for sending e-mail messages over the Internet long distances, around the world? The answer is very simple: users pay their service provider a monthly or hourly fee. Part of this fee goes towards its costs to connect to a larger service provider, and part of the fee received by the larger provider goes to cover its cost of running a worldwide network of wires and wireless stations.
But saving money is only the first step. If people see that they can make money from the Internet, commercial use of this network will drastically increase. For example, some western architecture companies and garment centers already transmit their basic designs and concepts over the Internet into China, where they are reworked and refined by skilled — but inexpensive — Chinese computer-aided-design specialists.
However, some problems remain. The most important is security. When you send an e-mail message to somebody, this message can travel through many different networks and computers. The data is constantly being directed towards its destination by special computers called routers. However, because of this, it is possible to get into any of the computers along the route, intercept and even change the data being sent over the Internet. In spite of the fact that there are many good encoding programs available, nearly all the information being sent over the Internet is transmitted without any form of encoding, i.e. "in the clear". But when it becomes necessary to send important information over the network, these encoding programs may be useful.
Вариант 2.
I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Переведите их. Подчеркните инфинитив. Укажите, залог и форму, в которых он употребляется.
1. I want to inform him of her arrival.
2. I intended to have finished my work last night.
3. I want to be informed of her arrival.
II. Поставьте, где необходимо, частицу 'to' перед инфинитивом.
1. I must _ go to the country.
2. She asked me _ read the letter carefully.
3. We heard the siren _ sound.
4. You must make him _ practise an hour a day.
5. Let me_ help you with your work.
III. В следующих предложениях подчеркните обороты «объектный падеж с инфинитивом» и переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Не doesn't want his daughter to go to Moscow.
2. They didn't see me come into the room.
3. I consider him to be responsible for it.
4. I should like him to be invited to the party.
IV. В следующих предложениях подчеркните обороты «for + существительное (или местоимение) инфинитив» и переведите предложения
1. It was necessary for him to return immediately.
2. It is easy for you to say that.
3. It is very important for me to receive the documents this week.
V. В следующих предложениях подчеркните обороты "именительный падеж с инфинитивом» и переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Many people are expected to attend the meeting.
2. This book appears to be very interesting.
3. They are unlikely to come soon.
VI. В следующих предложениях подчеркните «герундий» и определите его форму.
1. We like his suggestion of reading this book together.
2. I greatly dislike being contradicted
3. I'm tired of having talked to you.
VII. Раскроите скобки, поставьте глагол в форме герундия и употребите перед ним соответствующий предлог.
1. There is no possibility _ (to find) his address.
2. There is little chance _ (to see) her today.
3. I think _ (to go) to the south in summer.
4. He is afraid _ (to catch) a cold.
VIII. Вставьте вместо пропусков глаголы would/wouldn't; should/shouldn't. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. I _ be very glad if he succeeded.
2. He _ often sit on the shore and smoke for hours.
3. It is strange that he _have asked me that question.
4. He said that he _ return in an hour.
IX. Переведите предложения. Определите тип условных предложений.
1. I will give you the book on condition you return it next year.
2. If my brother had time now he would help them.
3. He would not have caught cold if he had put on a warm coat.
X. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст «The Internet». Выучите слова (см. текст перед «Контрольными заданиями»).
Данная контрольная по английскому создана для студентов, которые изучают информационные технологии.
