The Phenomenon
Упр.1. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видовременную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого (см. образец). Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The phenomenon of microbial antagonism is associated with the normal bacterial flora of the body.
2. These commensal organisms suppress the growth of many potentially pathogenic bacteria and fungi.
3. Faced with host defenses, the microbes have developed mechanisms to bypass them.
4. A microbe that achieves this will be rapidly selected for in evolution.
5. Often the disease is mild, but severe illness can occur when powerful toxins are produced and act either locally (cholera) or at distant sites (diphtheria).
Упр.2. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обратите внимание на перевод конструкции Complex Subject.
1. It is known that an infectious agent must overcome biochemical and physical barriers that operate at the body surfaces.
2. The membranes lining the inner surfaces of the body seem to secrete mucus.
3. Microbial and other foreign particles trapped within this adhesive mucus are believed to be removed by mechanical means such as ciliary action, coughing and sneezing.
4. The phenomenon of microbial antagonism is said to be associated with the normal bacterial flora of the body.
5. It is reported that the flushing actions of tears, saliva and urine help to protect the epithelial surfaces.
Упр.3. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, отметьте, чем является в каждом предложении слово с -ing окончанием: герундием или причастием.
1. The membranes lining the inner surfaces of the body secrete mucus.
2. The picture of conflict between host and parasite, usually and appropriately described in military terms, is central to an understanding of the biology of infectious disease.
3. Some microorganisms remain at body surfaces, perhaps spreading locally, but failing to invade deeper tissues.
4. In 1890, Robert Koch set out as 'postulates' the following criteria.
5. The germ theory of disease causation had only recently been set out following Koch's classic studies on anthrax (1876) and tuberculosis (1882), and methods for isolating microbes in pure culture and identifying them were only just being developed.
Упр.4. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, определите в каждом предложении функцию инфинитива.
1. Many bacteria fail to survive for long on the skin.
2. Microbial and other foreign particles trapped within this adhesive mucus may be removed by mechanical means such as ciliary action, coughing and sneezing.
3. The flushing actions of tears, saliva and urine are other mechanical strategies that help to protect the epithelial surfaces.
4. Often the disease is mild, but severe illness can occur when powerful toxins are produced.
5. Many scientists would not include viruses and prions, which are often classified as non-living.
Контрольная по английскому языку предназначена студентам, которые изучают английский язык в медицинских вузах.
