Lawyer
ЧАСТЬ II. LAW
Контрольная работа № 1
1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
LAWYER
I'm a student of the Mordovian State University. I study at the Law Faculty. I'll graduate from the University and become a professional lawyer. To become a good lawyer one must know much. So at the University we are taught various general and special subjects: Roman Law, Labour Law, Family Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law, Civil Law, Criminal Law.
The profession of a lawyer is quite diversified. The graduates of our faculty can work as investigators, judges, defence counsels, legal consultants. I'd like to be a judge and to work at a People's Court. My friends work at the Procurator's Office, Militia.
I think that now profession of a lawyer is one of the most important in the state. Lawyers have to solve many problems that still exist in our society. The duty of lawyers is not only to punish people for various crimes: hooliganism, murder, traffic violation and so on but they must do their best to prevent crimes, to fight against evil in our society. They should help those people who committed an error to find the right road to their life.
The lawyers protect the rights and legal interests of citizens, institutions and organizations. All the citizens are equal before the law. Judges are elected for a term of 5 years.
In our country justice is exercised on the principles of equality of citizens before the law and the court, regardless of social position, property or official standing, nationality or race.
2. Переведите с английского языка на русский:
Family Law; defence counsels; Procurator's Office; law-governed state; traffic violation; to fight against smth; to commit an error; legal interests; representative; equal authority; to be exercised on smth; regardless; property.
3. Переведите с русского языка на английский:
Трудовое право; гражданское право; разносторонний; следователь; судья; юрисконсульт; существовать; наказывать; преступления; ошибка; избирать.
4. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык, определяя, чем является окончание - s: a) показателем множественного числа существительного; б) показателем притяжательного падежа; с) окончанием глагола в 3 л. ед. ч. в Present Simple.
1. All citizens are equal before the law.
2. All people before the court are presumed innocent, until the court finds them guilty.
3. My friends work at the Procurator's Office.
5. Ответьте на вопросы.
1. What disciplines are students taught at the Law Faculty?
2. What is the duty of lawyers?
3. Are all the citizens equal before the law?
4. How many years are judges elected for?
5. What is justice exercised on in our country?
Контрольная работа № 2
1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
TYPES OF LEGAL PROFESSION
SOLICITORS. There are about 50,000 solicitors, a number which is rapidly increasing, and they make up far the largest branch of the legal profession in England and Wales. They are found in every town, where they deal with all the day-today work of preparing legal documents for buying and selling houses, making wills, etc. Solicitors also work on court cases for their clients, prepare cases for barristers to present in the higher courts, and may represent their client in a Magistrates' court.
BARRISTERS. There are about 5,000 barristers who defend or prosecute in the higher courts. Although solicitors and barristers work together on cases, barristers specialize in representing clients in court and the training and career structures for the two types of lawyer are quite separate. In court, barristers wear wigs and gowns in keeping with the extreme formality of the proceedings. The highest level of barristers have the title QC (Queen's Councel).
JUDGES. There are a few hundred judges, trained as barristers, who preside in more serious cases. There is no separate training for judges.
JURY. A jury consists of twelve people ("juriors"), who are ordinary people chosen at random from the Electoral Register (the list of people who can vote in elections). The jury listens to the evidence given in court in certain criminal cases and decide whether the defendant is guilty or innocent. If the person is found guilty, the punishment is passed by the presiding judge. Juries are rarely used in civil cases.
MAGISTRATES. There are about 30,000 magistrates (Justices of the Peace or JPs), who judge cases in the lower courts. There are usually unpaid and have no formal legal qualifications, but they are respectable people who are given some training.
CORONERS. Coroners have medical or legal training (or both), and inquire into violent or unnatural deaths.
CLERKS OF THE COURT. Clerks look after administrative and legal matters in the courtroom.
2. Переведите с английского языка на русский:
Rapidly increasing; to deal with...; higher courts; to defend; to wear wigs and gowns; to preside in serious cases; to consist of...; to vote; the defendant; to inquire into; to look after legal matters.
3. Переведите с русского языка на английский:
Судебное дело; преследовать в судебном порядке; наугад; выборы; невиновный; наказание; председательствующий судья; не иметь юридической квалификации; представительные люди; насильственная смерть.
4. Выберите правильное определение для каждой профессии, упомянутой в тексте:
a) an officer acting as a judge in the lower courts.
b) a public official with authority to hear and decide cases in a law court.
c) a group of people who swear to give a true decision on issues of in a law court.
d) an official who investigates the cause of any death thought to be violent or unnatural causes.
e) a lawyer who has the right to speak and argue in higher law courts.
f) a lawyer who prepares legal documents, advises, clients on legal and speaks for them in lower law courts/
5. Поставьте глагол в нужную форму и переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. In the seventh century B.C. the Greeks ... (to begin) to put their laws into writing.
2. Many English laws... (to derive) from judicial precedents.
3. I think he ... (to achieve) great success in his studies.
4. We ... (to discuss) new aspects of privatization at the next seminar.
ЧАСТЬ III. ADDITIONAL READING
Контрольная работа № 3
1. Переведите текст
ORIGINS OF MONEY
There are numerous myths about the origins of money. The concept of money is often confused with coinage. Coins are a relatively modern form of money. Their first appearance was probably in Asia in the 7th century BC. And whether these coins were used as money in the modern sense has also been questioned.
To determine the earliest use of money, we need to define what we mean by money. We will return to this issue shortly. But with any reasonable definition the first use of money is as old as human civilization. The early Persians deposited their grain in state or church granaries. The receipts of deposit were then used as methods of payment in the economies. Thus, banks were invented before coins. Ancient Egypt had a similar system, but instead of receipts they used orders of withdrawal – thus making their system very close to that of modern checks. In fact, during Alexander the Great’s period, the granaries were linked together, making checks in the 3rd century BC more convenient than British checks in the 1980s.
However, money is older than written history. Recent anthropological and linguistic research indicates that not only is money very old, but it’s origin has little to do with trading, thus contradicting another common myth. Rather, money was first used in a social setting. Probably at first as a method of punishment.
Early Stone Age man began the use of precious metals as money. Until the invention of coins, metals were weighed to determine their value. Counting is of course more practical, the first standardized ingots appeared around 2200 BC. Other commonplace objects were subsequently used in the abstract sense, for example miniature axes, nails, swords, etc.
Full standardization arrived with coins, approximately 700 BC. The first printed money appeared in China, around 800 AD. The first severe inflation was in the 11th century AD. The Mongols adapted the bank note system in the 13th century, which Marco Polo wrote about. The Mongol bank notes were “legal tender”, i.e. it was a capital offense to refuse them as payment. By the late 1400s, centuries of inflation eliminated printed bank notes in China. They were reinvented in Europe in the 17th century.
2. Ответьте на вопросы, основываясь на содержании текста (отвечать на русском языке).
1. Are the concepts of money and coinage the same?
2. How old is the first money?
3. What did early Stone Age men use as money?
4. Where and when did the first bank notes appear?
5. When and where was the printed money reinvented?
Данная контрольная создана для тех, кто изучает английский язык на юридических факультетах вузов. Контрольная работа включает в себя английский юридический текст для перевода на русский язык. Контрольная имеет средний уровень сложности.
Чтобы получить правильные ответы на задания, необходимо повторить английскую юридическую лексику.
