Контрольная по английскому Production Costs
1. Назовите номера предложений, где употребляется конструкция «сложное подлежащее». Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1) An average worker in the United Kingdom is known to be paid more than the one in India.
2) Dividends and interest on capital are not likely to be paid in the years when the company has not received profit.
3) A tax rate over 45 percent is known to result in a reduction in the taxes raised.
4) It is known that taxes raised at the national level, such as income tax or VAT, are usually supplemented by local taxes.
5) The clearing system proved to have become a convenient and economical means of settling debts between banks.
2. Укажите, каким является сказуемое в следующих предложениях (простым, составным именным или составным глагольным) и чем оно выражено:
1) The optimal level of government intervention is of interest to economists.
2) In a mixed economy the government may also be a producer of goods.
3) Until 1966 Roman Catholics were not allowed to eat meat on Fridays.
4) Technology must be understood very broadly.
5) The May 19th exchange seemed routine.
6) The chief had actually asked for his opinion.
3. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Укажите вид придаточного предложения, выделенного курсивом.
1) While tea was at this high level of development in both Japan and China, information concerning this then unknown beverage began to filter back to Europe.
2) The Holy Roman Emperor announced that official documents written on paper were invalid.
3) Skylish's mother decided to let the dog live in their fenced-in backyard because the neighbour lady told her that it looked like a purebred greyhound.
4) Since you left we moved further east where the earth here has a reddish tinge and so does the food.
5) This evening as I washed and dried my clothes suddenly there was this feeling of satisfaction.
4. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык. Укажите тип условного предложения (I, II, III).
1) If we invest in further research now, we'll be ready to face the future.
2) Just imagine what the world would be like if we didn't have electricity - no heating, no lighting, no transport, no radio or TV.
3) If we had stayed there much longer, we'd have lost all our money.
4) The world would be a better place if television hadn't been invented
5) If I had never known him, I would not have become a geisha.
5. Выберите подходящее по смыслу слово из предлагаемых в скобках вариантов. Переведите предложения на русский язык:
1) If a person can do what he wishes with his own (property / output), time, and energy, then economists say that he is economically free.
2) Because unemployment often results in personal trauma, (unemployment benefits / retirement pensions) are said to be needed for psychological reasons.
3) (Liability / clearance) function is performed in commodities markets by the International Commodities Clearing House.
4) It is typical to (issue / withdraw) bonds for the period of several years.
5) (Easy / tight) monetary policy can lead to a large decrease in output and jobs.
6. Прочитайте текст и письменно переведите подчеркнутые предложения.
Production Costs
Production costs are the costs of making factor input into higher value outputs of goods and services. The costs of manufacturing products include costs of raw materials, labour costs, depreciation of plant and equipment, rent, lighting, and heating of factory buildings.
It is important to say that factor inputs can be combined in variety of ways to produce the same amount of output. One method which is technically the most efficient is the one which uses only small amounts of labour, while another method may employ large quantities of labour and only a little capital. In physical terms, the method which is technically the most efficient is the one which uses the fewest inputs. Economists, however, are more interested in the cost aspect of the input-output relationship, specifically the least costly way of producing a given output.
To achieve the highest efficiency, that is, the optimal relationship between factor inputs and outputs of goods and services, the economists analyzes the relationship between the cost of factor inputs and the cost of output in a firm. In order to determine the cost of producing a particular output it is necessary to know not only the required quantities of various inputs but also their prices. The factor prices a firm must pay in order to buy units of these factors will depend upon the interaction of the forces of demand and supply in factor markets.
Контрольная работа создана для студентов, изучающих экономику в вузах.
