Reinforced Concrete
1. Перепишите предложения, переведите их на русский язык.
Определите функции глаголов to be, to have, to do:
1. At present scientists are working on the theory of interaction of all the atmospheric and oceanic global processes.
2. Sulphur dioxide and smoke pollute water and have serious effect on forest and health of people.
3. How does the greenhouse effect result in global warming?
2. Перепишите предложения, поставьте глаголы в скобках согласно правилам согласования времен. Переведите предложения:
1. It is known that air in many cities (to pollute) by traffic and industry.
2. The weather-man reported over the radio that it (to be cold) the following weekend.
3. Scientists believe that human being (to be) responsible for today’s major environment problems.
3. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения. Выпишите инфинитив и определите его функцию (функция подлежащего, обстоятельства цели, части сказуемого, дополнения, определения):
1. The task of the world community is to improve the ecological situation in the world.
2. Many attempts are being made to decontaminate polluted soils.
3. To protect the big cities from pollution is impossible.
4. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения, определите тип инфинитивного оборота (сложное подлежащее, сложное дополнение или оборот с предлогом for):
1. A greenhouse effect is expected to cause cooling in higher parts of the atmosphere.
2. It is necessary for people to develop an international program to study data on land, forest, atmospheric and oceanic resources.
3. The new instruments will enable us to determine the level of pollution in our rivers.
5. Прочитайте, перепишите и переведите текст. Будьте готовы прочитать и перевести текст без словаря:
Environment Protection Must Be Global
At present scientists in industrially developed countries are working on the theory of interaction of all the atmospheric and oceanic global processes that determine the climate and weather of the world. Increasing growth of population, industrialization and the use of resources are slowly but surely changing the global climate and water balance. This can be described as a great experiment one that may bring about changes in the environment more serious than ever before.
The essential feature in the environment protection is that many problems can be solved only on the level of world community (сообщество).
Therefore the planning of protection against pollution by human society as a whole (в целом) is imperative today and in the near future. It is necessary to develop an international program to study data on land, forest, atmospheric and oceanic resources both renewable and non-renewable. It is the joint efforts of many scientists and special public organizations that can deal with the problem and take necessary measures to protect the environment.
6. Прочитайте и подготовьте пересказ текста «Environment Protection»:
Environment Protection
The poisoning of the world's land, air and water is the fastest-spreading disease of civilization.
Overpopulation, pollution and energy consumption have created such planet-wide problems as massive deforestation, ozone depletion, acid rains and the global warming that is believed to be caused by the greenhouse effect.
The seas are in danger. They are filled with poison: industrial and nuclear waste, chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The Mediterranean is already nearly dead; the North Sea is following. The Aral Sea is on the brink of extinction. If nothing is done about it one day nothing will be able to live in the seas.
Every ten minutes one kind of animal, plant or insect dies out for ever. If nothing is done about it one million species that are alive today will have become extinct twenty years from now.
Air pollution is a very serious problem. In Cairo just breathing the air is life threatening – equivalent to smoking two packs of cigarettes a day. The same holds true for Mexico City and 600 cities of our country.
Industrial enterprises emit tons of harmful substances. These emissions have disastrous consequences for our planet. They are the main reason for the greenhouse effect and acid rains.
People are beginning to realize that environmental problems are not somebody else's. They join and support various international organizations and green parties. If governments wake up to what is happening – perhaps we'll be able to avoid the disaster that threatens the natural world and all of us with it.
7. Прочитайте, перепишите и переведите текст согласно направлению подготовки. Будьте готовы перевести текст без словаря:
Reinforced Concrete
Reinforced concrete is a combination of two of the strongest structural materials: concrete and steel.
This term is applied to a construction in which steel bars or heavy steel mesh are properly embedded in concrete. The steel is put in position and concrete is poured around and over it then tamped in place so that the steel is completely embedded. When the concrete hardens and sets, the resulting material gains great strength. This new structural concrete came into practical application at the turn of the 19th century. The first results of the tests of the reinforced concrete beams were published in 1887. Since that time the development of reinforced concrete work has made great progress. And the reasons of this progress are quite evident. Concrete has poor elastic and tensional properties but it is rigid, strong in compression, durable under and above ground and in the presence or absence of air and water it increases its strength with age, it is fireproof.
Steel has great tensional, compressive and elastic properties but it is not durable being exposed to moisture, it loses its strength with age or being subjected to high temperature. So, what is the effect of the addition of steel reinforcement to concrete?
Steel does not undergo shrinkage or drying but concrete does and therefore the steel acts as a restraining medium in a reinforced concrete member.
Контрольная будет полезна тем, кто изучает технические дисциплины в вузах. Контрольная среднего уровня сложности.
