Taxes and Public Spending
Taxes and Public Spending
I. Прочитайте и письменно переведите весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1-ый и 2-ой абзацы.
(1) In most economies government revenues come mainly from direct taxes on personal incomes and company profits as well as indirect taxes levied on purchase of goods and services such as value added tax (VAT) and sales tax. Since state provision of retirement pensions is included in government expenditure, pension contributions to state-run social security funds are included in revenue, too. Some small component of government spending is financed through government borrowing.
(2) Government spending comprises spending on goods and services and transfer payments.
Governments mostly pay for public goods, that is, those goods that, even if they are consumed by one person, can still be consumed by other people. Clean air, national defense, health service are examples of public goods. Governments also provide such services аs police, fire - fighting and the administration of justice.
(3) A transfer is a payment, usually by the government, for which no corresponding service is provided in return. Examples are social security, retirement pensions, unemployment benefits and, in some countries, food stamps.
(4) In most countries there are campaigns for cutting government spending. The reason for it is that high levels of government spending are believed to exhaust resources that can be used productively in the private sector. Lower incentives to work are also believed to result from social security payments and unemployment benefits.
(5) Whereas spending on goods and services directly exhausts resources that can be used elsewhere, transfer payments do not reduce society's resources. They transfer purchasing power from one group of consumers, those paying taxes, to another group of consumers, those receiving transfer payments and subsidies.
(6) Another reason for reducing government spending is to make room for tax cuts.
(7) Government intervention manifests itself in tax policy which is different in different countries. In the United Kingdom the government takes nearly 40 percent of national income in taxes. Some governments take a larger share, others a smaller share.
(8) The most widely used progressive tax structure is the one in which the average tax rate rises with a person’s income level. As a result of progressive tax and transfer system most is taken from the rich and most is given to the poor.
(9) Rising tax rates initially increase tax revenue but eventually result in such large falls in the equilibrium quantity of the taxed commodity or activity that revenue starts to fall again. High tax rates are said to reduce the incentive to work. If half of all we earn goes to the government, we may prefer to work fewer hours a week and spend more time in the garden or watching television.
(10) Cuts in tax rates will usually reduce the deadweight tax burden and reduce the amount of taxes raised but might increase eventual revenue.
(11) If governments wish to reduce the deadweight tax burden and balance spending and revenue, they are supposed to reduce government spending in order to cut taxes.
(12) Fiscal policy is an instrument of demand management which as used to influence the level of economic activity in an economy through the control of taxation and government expenditure.
(13) The government can use a number of taxation measures to control aggregate demand or spending. A decrease in government spending and an increase in taxes (a withdrawal from the circular flow of national income) reduce aggregate demand to avoid inflation. By contrast, an increase in government spending and/ or decrease in taxes - an injection into the circular flow of national income stimulate aggregate demand and create additional jobs to avoid unemployment.
II. Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1. What do government revenues in most economies come mainly from?
2. What are examples of public goods?
3. Are lower or higher incentives to work also believed to result from social security payments and unemployment benefits?
4. Does the government in the United Kingdom take nearly 40 percent of national income in taxes?
5. The government can use a number of taxation measures to control aggregate demand or spending, can’t it?
III. К указанным ниже словам подберите из текста синонимы.
1. to impose, to raise 6. space, scope -
2. buying (n) 7. part, portion
3. expense 8. to deserve
4. donation 9. to desire, to hope
5. to contain, to encompass - содержать, чтобы охватить 10. to control, to affect
IV. К указанным ниже словам подберите из текста антонимы и переведите их на русский язык.
1. indirect 6. to restore, to refresh
2. to eliminate 7. fruitlessly
3. dirty, impure 8. similar, like
4. engagement 9. to decline, to fall
5. to increase, to enrich 10. aggregate (adj)
V. Подберите к словам, данным в колонке А, соответствующие определения из колонки В.
A В
1. contribution a) income, especially that which the government
2. revenue receives as tax
3. benefit b) money gained by trade or business
4. subsidy c) money which must be paid to the government
5. profit according to income, property, goods bought
6. tax d) money provided by the government to people who
need it, especially to those who are sick or unemployed
e) a usually small amount of money given to a cause;
charity
f) money paid by the government or an organization
to make prices lower, to make it cheaper to produce
goods
VI. Переведите письменно предложения на английский язык, используя модальные глаголы для выражения предположения и совета.
1. Вероятно, во многих странах правительство облагает население высокими налогами.
2. Должно быть, у него не было мощного стимула для работы над этим проектом.
3. Правлению компании следует урезать свои расходы.
4. Может быть, высокие ставки налогов снижают желание работать.
5. Неужели в Великобритании правительство получает 40% национального дохода в виде налогов?
6. Не может быть, что правительство решило снизить подоходный налог.
7. Вам следовало бы использовать прогрессивный подоходный налог.
IV. Переведите письменно следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод условных предложений.
1. If they had known about your personal incomes, they wouldn’t have asked you.
2. If they don’t pay for these goods, they will have big problems.
3. If the government created additional jobs, we would avoid unemployment.
4. We wish the government could cut taxes.
5. I wish you had indicated rising tax rates.
6. I wish he got unemployment benefits.
V. Переведите письменно предложения на английский язык, обращая внимание на перевод условных предложений.
1. Если бы не такие высокие налоги, их бизнес существовал бы еще много лет.
2. Если бы они вовремя подали всю необходимую информацию в фонд социального обеспечения, документы были бы уже готовы.
3. Если они заплатят все налоги, у них не будет ни каких проблем.
4. Жаль, что высокие налоговые ставки снижают стимулы к работе.
5. Как бы нам хотелось, чтобы вы подготовили доклад о налоговой политике в США.
6. Жаль, что он не смог получить субсидии в прошлом месяце.
IX. Вставьте артикли, где необходимо.
… tax system in … Russia has changed significantly over … past five years. One of … major changes has occurred in … institutional structure of … country’s tax administration. … Taxation Ministry, which is intended for … administration of all … major taxes, was reorganized in 1991.
This institutional change in … structure of … Ministry has been accompanied by numerous changes of … revenue structure of … system. Not only have … new taxes been introduced, … revenue-sharing arrangements have also been adjusted … number of times over … last five years. Tax rates themselves have changed … number of times over … last five years.
X. Вставьте предлоги, где необходимо.
Indirect taxes are divided … general and special taxes … consumption. The general tax … consumption, value-added tax, or VAT, is levied … more or less all products and a large number … services. The special taxes … consumption are, … the other hand, levied … specifically selected products and services. … historical reasons, they are generally known as excise duties.
As far as payments … the state are concerned, it is common to distinguish … taxes and charges. A charge usually relates … the provision … a particular service or function … the state. The charges paid to obtain a driving license or a passport are … typical cases.
XI. Переведите письменно следующие предложения на английский язык, употребляя конструкцию «Сложное дополнение» (Complex Object).
1. Я увидел, как они вошли в здание фонда социального обеспечения.
2. Мы ожидали, что эти налоги будут оплачены на следующей неделе.
3. Он видел, как документы положили на стол директора.
4. Он ожидает, что его спросят об этой продукции, облагаемой налогом.
5. Он рассчитывает на то, что он получит пенсию за выслугу лет.
XII. Закончите следующие предложения, употребляя конструкцию «Сложное дополнение» (Complex Object), и переведите полученные предложения на русский язык.
1. Don’t let (to rise, they, tax, rates).
2. He saw (to discuss, tax, we, system).
3. They wanted (to make, we, contributions, pension).
4. She ordered (to be, to provide, services, many).
5. I don’t consider (to be person, he, honest).
XIII. Переведите письменно следующие предложения на русский язык, употребляя конструкцию «Сложное подлежащее» (Complex Subject).
1. He is not likely to tell us about this case.
2. He is thought to be very responsible person.
3. She seems to know taxation well.
4. The delegation is reported to have left Sochi.
5. This plant is known to produce technical equipment.
XIV. Переведите письменно следующие предложения на английский язык, употребляя конструкцию «Сложное подлежащее» (Complex Subject).
1. Мы обязательно обсудим недостатки нашей налоговой системы.
2. Она, кажется, ничего не знает о доходах фирмы.
3. Говорят, что они получили пособия по безработице.
4. Маловероятно, что наши заказы прибудут в конце месяца.
5. Говорят, что он сейчас работает в налоговом департаменте.
Контрольная по английскому языку достаточно объемная. Однако каждый студент может решить ее. Важно повторить все пройденные темы и слова.
