The Cadastre and Land Tenure
I. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го но 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2 и 4-й абзацы.
1. The Cadastre and Land Tenure. What types of land tenure are represented in the Cadastre? Land tenure is concerned with the rights, restrictions, and responsibilities people have with respect to the land. From a legal perspective, land may be defined as any portion of the earth to which rights of ownership, stewardship, or use may be exercised. Thus the land may include, for example, the surface area of the earth, buildings and permanently fixed improvements, surface and subsurface resources including water, and in some instances even well-defined units of air space (e.g. for power easements). Often the land and the buildings on the land are referred to as real estate and the various rights associated with land are called real property.
2. Any type of real property can be recorded in a Cadastre if the right or restriction can be associated with a definite unit of land. Different types of rights may he shown on different cadastral maps or layers of map data. Thus, for example, mineral rights may be shown on a separate map at a small scale. The most important types of land tenure or real properly identified in most Cadastral systems can be characterised as follows:
3. a) Ownership usually means the exclusive right to use the parcel and enjoy the yield from the land and improvements. It also includes the right to transfer the parcel to another person, to mortgage the property and to lease it. All of these rights may be more or less restricted by legislation, b) A lease gives the lessee or grantee the right to use the parcel (or part of a larger parcel) tor a limited time, in accordance with the regulations stipulated not only in legislation but also in the contract with the lessor. The lessor may be a private landowner or a government authority. The lime span of a lease varies from very short periods (e.g. several months) to periods of up to 99 years or longer.
4 с) An easement is a limited right for an owner of one parcel to use or prevent use of some kind on a neighbouring parcel. The right is usually connected to the parcel and exists in principle as long as the parcel exists. Special easements may also exist for such uses as construction and access to utility lines. There may also he traditional public rights-of-way over certain parcels to provide access to rivers, the coast, roads, etc. d) A mortgage is a limited right in which real property is pledged to secure money. If the property owner does not live up to the terms of the contract (e.g. does not meet monthly payments on the loan), then the lender has the right to recover any losses incurred by taking possession of the property.
5. c) Communal or group rights are important in many countries, especially where land resources have been abundant and the land use of a group covers an extensive area. In such cases, the right to use the land and resources belongs to a group such as a family, a community, a clan, or a band, rather than individuals in the group. Such rights are often found in customary tenure systems, but not exclusively.
II. Выпишите из 3-ero абзаца предложение, содержащее инфинитив и функции определения, и письменно переведите его.
III. Прочтите 5-й абзац текста и письменно ответьте на следующий вопрос: What group of people can enjoy communal or group rights?
Контрольная по английскому создана для тех, кто изучает городской кадастр. В контрольную входят специальные английские термины. Ч
