The Fundamental Particle
1. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол сказуемое и определите его временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. Обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.
1. The theory of interaction of atmospheric and oceanic processes is being developed to determine the weather of the planet.
2. Great changes in people’s lives and work were brought about by the scientific and technological progress.
3. Radio astronomy has given the mankind the efficient means for penetration into space.
4. The results of our research are very much spoken about.
2. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждых, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола – сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. A molecule is compound consisting of two or more atoms.
2. When heated glass can be easily worked.
3. Some new properties of the polymer found during the experiments were quite unexpected.
4. The assistant was preparing the solution very carefully.
3. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.
1. The plant the material is produced is in the Urals.
2. The problem this article deals with is connected with the subject we study.
3. We know electricity produces heat.
4. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.
1. This important problem had been solved by the end of 1985.
2. Television has a great number of uses nowadays.
3. In the next few years Russian engineers are to complete the work on supercomputers.
4. Do you know the meaning of this word?
5. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функции инфинитива.
1. To develop a new submersible craft with a manipulator is not an easy task.
2. Experiments helped Mendeleyev to discover the properties of new chemical elements.
3. Recently a radar to be mounted on cars has been developed.
4. They promised to supply us with necessary equipment.
6. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите второй и третий абзацы.
The Fundamental Particle
1. All of the simple particles which exist in nature have been found to undergo reactions in which they are converted into or obtained from other particle or radiation. There are then no particles which can be truly fundamental.
2. The electron was the first of the simple particle to be recognized, it being discovered by J.J. Thomson in 1897. The proton, the nucleus of the ordinary hydrogen atom, was observed as positively charged rays in a discharge tube. The nature of the rays was not at first understood. The next very simple particle to be discovered was the positron, found in 1932. The positrons were found among the particles produced by the interaction of cosmic rays with matter. They seem to be identical with electrons except that their charge is +e instead of –e. Their span of life as free particles is very short, it being less than a microsecond.
3. The neutron has been discovered by the English physicist J. Chadwick, also in the year 1932. Neutrons have been found to be particles with mass only slightly larger than that of the proton, and with zero electric charge. They having no electric charge, neutrons interact with other forms of matter only very weakly, and it is accordingly hard to prove their existence by direct method. On passage through solid substances they undergo deflection only when they approach extremely closely to nuclei, that is, when they undergo direct collisions with nuclei. Neutrons and nuclei are so small, the chance of collisions is very small and neutrons are accordingly able to penetrate through great thicknesses of heavy elements.
7. Письменно ответить на вопрос:
Who has the neutron been discovered by?
8. Дополнительный текст. Прочтите. Перепишите и сделайте полный письменный перевод текста.
Nature of Electric Current
In the modern conception of the constitution of matter it is composed of atoms. The atom is made up of a positive nucleus surrounded by negative charge of electricity, called electrons, which revolve about the nucleus at tremendous speeds. The nucleus consist of a number of protons, each with a single positive charge, and, except for hydrogen, one or more neutrons, which have no charge. The atom is neutral when it contains equal numbers of electrons and protons. A negatively charged body contains more electrons than protons. A positively charged body is one which contains fewer electrons than its normal number.
When the two ends of a conductor are connected to two points at different potentials, such as the terminals of a battery, we say that there is an electric current in the conductor. What actually happens?
The conductor has equal numbers of positive and negative charges in its atoms, and we want to know how the charges can be made to produce a current. The atoms in metals are packed so closely that they overlap to some extent, so that it is comparatively easy for the outer electrons to pass from one atom to another if a small force is applied to them. The battery causes a potential difference between the ends of the wire, and thus provides forces that make the negative electrons in the wire move toward the point of higher potential. This electron flow toward the positive electrode is the electric current. Naturally, materials differ considerably in the ease with which electrons can be made to migrate from atom to atom.
The current will not flow unless there is an electric circuit. The magnitude of the current depends simply on the rate of flow of electrons along the conductor.
В контрольной поднимаются вопросы о функциях инфинитива (infinitive), о функциях причастий (participle I и participle II) о разных значений глаголов to be, to have и to do.
