The Open Market
1. This is the contract to be signed first of all.
2. They found the advertising campaign to have worked very well.
3. The goods seemed to be of excellent quality.
4. Supply is said to be elastic when it is regulated according to market prices.
5. The entrepreneur wants the wageworker to be skilled and to acquire qualifications on his own expenses.
6. We have no intention to order these goods.
7. Established, at the end of the 14th century in Italy and in the 16th century in other countries, the first large enterprises were capitalist manufactories.
2. Перепишите и письменно переведите данные ниже предложения, учитывая различия в переводе зависимого и независимого причастного оборотов.
1. Circulating capital is spent on the purchase of labour power.
2. An economy producing goods for direct consumption and not for sale is called a natural economy.
3. The value of the commodity manufactured has two components.
4. Having been promoted the goods sold well.
5. The goods having been promoted, the sales increased.
6. The company flourished, with a new image found.
7. A meeting ground having been reached, both parties were satisfied.
3. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, учитывая разные возможности перевода герундия на русский язык.
1. We are greatly interested in buying computers and office equipment.
2. Overproduction resulted in decreasing the price.
3. The Letter of Credit was made valid by having been extended for another term.
4. Labour spent on finishing, transporting and packaging commodities adds a new value to the already existing one.
5. Studying the laws governing goods production and distribution is a subject matter of economics.
4. Перепишите и письменно переведите данные предложения, содержащие условные придаточные предложения.
1. If prices fall the manufacturers will reduce the production.
2. If prices fell the production would be reduced.
3. If business had been going well the company would have survived.
4. Were there an excess of these goods, however, the individual cannot change the prices of the commodities he wants.
5. When planning his expenditures, he must therefore accept these fixed prices. Relative demand would go down, then.
6. If it is a free market, the competition takes place among sellers of the same commodity.
7. If you fired this bookkeeper, you would be very sorry.
8. If you had put services into effect quickly, you would not have failed.
9. If you start your own business you need capital.
10. If we examine the monetary history of Greece and Rome, we'll find a very complex manipulation of standards and currency.
5. Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, содержащие конструкции с причастиями, герундием и инфинитивом.
1. This kind of business seemed to be successful.
2. The Island of Britain is known to have been revealed to the Roman world by Julius Caesar in the year 55 ВС
3. The manager made his employees start productive work.
4. We consider such a risk to have been justified.
5. In the American economic system the type and quality of goods produced are determined largely through the interaction of supply and demand.
6. With the sphere of culture still remaining profitable, the aim of the "cultural" capitalist is to cut down the cost of production to a minimum.
7. Selling commodities on foreign markets entrepreneurs are able to expand production and thereby to increase profit.
8. The amount of money to be paid included the cost of packing.
9. The planning process requires a large bureaucracy with the resulting problem of securing administrative efficiency faced by any large organization.
10. The government can influence the money supply by buying and selling its own securities.
6. Перепишите и переведите на русский язык предложения, содержащие усилительные (эмфатические) конструкции.
1. Workers do restore the physical strength because they have all the vital necessities needed.
2. It is abstract labour that forms the value of a commodity.
3. It is only the value of the workers' labour that they are paid for.
4. It is under private ownership of the production means when the law of value results in the emergence of capitalist relations.
5. I believe he does know the subject well.
Я верю, что он действительно знает предмет хорошо.
7. Прочтите и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1 и 3 абзацы.
The Open Market
Capital invested in business is simply the accumulation of previous surpluses on previous business activities. In this way the past is used to finance the future. The accumulation of capital is almost always deliberate, either on the part of individual citizens or on the part of the state. Even in non-capitalistic societies a certain part of the surplus achieved in any enterprise is "ploughed back" into the system in order to promote further growth.
When capital, labour and enterprise combine to make a new business successful, the business must still continue to compete on the market with other companies producing the same type of commodity. The term market, as used by economists, is a logical extension from the idea of a place set aside for buying and selling. In the past, part of a town was kept as a marketplace, and country people would come in on market-days to buy and sell. Markets today need not however to be located in any fixed place: the sugar market and the cotton market are not geographical locations, but simply sets of conditions which permit buyers and sellers to work together.
In a free market, competition takes place among sellers in order to sell their commodities at the best possible price, and among buyers in order to obtain what they want at a price, which suits them. Such competition influences prices. Changes in supply and demand have their effects, and it is not surprising that considerable fluctuations in price can take place over periods of weeks and months.
Контрольная по английскому предназначена для студентов-экономистов. Контрольная несложная. Контрольная содержит экономический текст для перевода.
