Travelling by Air
I. Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, в скобках укажите тип придаточного предложения (следствия, уступительные) или же тип безличного предложения (именные, глагольные).
1. Whatever you say, I shan't buy seconds.
2. Let us hurry so that we can be at home at 3.
3. Although a lot of people go to season sales, they must be critical about what they buy there.
4. It is drizzling now.
5. It is vital that you should have a good rest.
6. It is still early, we must wait.
II. Перепишите предложения, раскройте скобки, поставив нужную по смыслу степень сравнения прилагательного или наречия, укажите в скобках прилагательное, а где наречие.
1. It's (cheap) restaurant in town.
2. Everest is (high) mountain in the world.
3. English weather is rather chilly. I want to move to Spain where it's much (warm).
4. He speaks too (loud).
5. Do you think English is (difficult) than French?
6. Jane always works at her English (serious).
7. Can you speak (slow)?
III. Перепишите предложения, раскройте скобки, поставив нужную форму глагола в страдательном залоге. Укажите в скобках, какое время Вы
употребляете.
1. The steak (cook) by Bill yesterday.
2. She often (see) in his company.
3. Our luggage (check) by the customs officer an hour ago.
4. The TV set (repair) next Monday.
5. She (examine) by the doctor now. Don't enter, please.
6. They (paint) their house by next Friday.
7. The decision ... not (make) yet.
8. The blue dress ... already (sell) when I came with the money.
IV. Перепишите предложения, вставляя вместо пропусков необходимый артикль там, где это необходимо.
1. ... Mount Everest was conquered by the mountain climbers only in the 20th century.
2. There are many resorts in ... Carpathians.
3. ... Bering Sea got its name from a famous Russian sailor and explorer Vitus Bering.
4. ... Hague is the capital of... Netherlands.
5. Shakespeare was born in ... Stratford-on Avon.
6. ... Shetland Isles are famous for excellent wool produced there.
7. ... Clyde is the most important river in ... Scotland.
V. Перепишите и переведите письменно текст.
Travelling by Air
Nowadays people who go on business mostly travel by air, as it is the fastest means of travelling. Here are a few hints on air travel that may be helpful.
Passengers are requested to arrive at the airport two hours before departure time on international flights and an hour on domestic flights as there must be enough time to complete the necessary formalities. Passengers must register their tickets, weigh and register their luggage.
Most airlines have at least two classes of travel, first class and economy class, which is cheaper. Each passenger can carry 20 or 30 kg of luggage free of charge, but excess luggage must be paid for.
Each passenger is given a boarding pass to be shown at the gate and again to the stewardess when boarding the plane.
When you are on board, watch for electric sign flashing. When the «Fasten Seat Belts» sign goes on, do it promptly, and also obey the «No Smoking» signal.
Do not forget your personal effects when leaving the plane.
Landing formalities and customs regulations are more or less the same in all countries. While still on board the plane the passenger is given a card to fill in. After you disembark from the plane, your passport and visa will be checked. When these formalities have been completed the passenger goes to the Customs for an examination of his luggage. If the traveller has nothing to declare he may just go through the «green» section of the Customs.
In some cases the Customs inspector may ask you to open your bags for inspection. It sometimes happens that a passenger's luggage is carefully gone through. After the inspector finishes the examination of the luggage, he will put a stamp on each piece of luggage, and you are free to go.
VI. Письменно ответьте на вопросы по тексту:
1. Why must the passengers arrive at the airport early?
2. What sign should a passenger obey on board the plane?
3. What do the Customs check?
V. Перепишите и переведите письменно текст.
Formal Grammar
Most of the traditional grammarians assumed that grammatical categories were essentially semantic. Nouns were defined as names of things, gender was concerned with sex, while plural simply meant «more than one».
On the other hand, many linguists have argued that grammar must be kept distinct from semantics and that grammatical categories must be wholly defined in terms of the form of the language, the actually observable features.
There are two good arguments for excluding meaning from grammar, i. e. in favour of formal grammar. The first is that meaning is often very vague and meaning categories are not easily delineated. Moreover, because of this vagueness, what might seem to be obvious semantic categories are often in fact definable only in terms of the formal features of a language. If, then, the grammatical categories are given semantic definitions, the definitions are circular. An excellent example is the definition so often found in grammar books of a noun as 'a word used for naming anything'. The difficulty is that we have no way of establishing what 'anything' may be. To be of any value the definition must establish independently of the language what are 'the things' that may be named. We find that in English such things include fire, speed, place, intelligence, suffering, as Well as objects such as tables and chairs. Moreover, it includes 'redness' and 'blackness', but not 'red' and 'black'. What reason have we for believing that these are all 'things' and how, in particular, do we know that 'redness' and blackness' are names of things, while 'red' and 'black' are not? Similarly, why does 'rain' refer to a 'thing', while 'It's raining' does not? It is reported that there are some languages in which words for 'river', 'spring', etc, are essentially verbs so that a literal translation would be 'It's rivering' rather than 'There's a river'. How, then, do we recognize things? The answer is painfully simple -'things' are what are designated by nouns. The definition of the noun in terms of 'naming' anything is thus completely circular.
Данная контрольная работа по английскому языку состоит из двух текстов для перевода и нескольких заданий к этим текстам.
