Where does the word
Задания из методички Автомобиль: вчера, сегодня, завтра
Unit 1. The early days of the automobile
Section 1:
1. Answer the questions:
- What is an automobile?
- What are the synonyms of the word 'automobile'?
2. Find the definition of the word “automobile” :
- a private motor vehicle
- a motor car
- means of carrying people or things, especially on land
5. Complete and translate the expressions:
words, vehicle, unprovided, agencies, luxury, large, matter, large, adapted, conditions, ordinary, decisive, development, maintenance.
6. Read the text and answer the questions:
- What is the origin of the word automobile?
- What facts does the role and importance of the automobile arise from?
- Why does the automobile play an important part in the economic development in many countries?
Теxt1. WHERE DOES THE WORD "AUTOMOBILE" COME FROM?
The word «automobile» is not English. It consists of two words: “autos” and “mobilis”. “Autos” is a Greek word meaning "self”, "mobilis" - a Latin word meaning "movable". The two words taken together mean "self-moving". Thus, an automobile means a self-moving vehicle. The synonyms of automobile are: auto, car, auto-car, motor car.
The role and importance of an automobile arise from the fact that it can move along roads unprovided with rails. In this respect, it substantially differs from a street car (tram) and a railway car (train). In fact, it often replaces street cars, railway cars, and other agencies of transportation and communication. In short, the automobile is a vehicle well adapted for ordinary road conditions.
The automobile has long since ceased to be a matter of luxury or sport and has become a decisive factor in the economic development of many countries. This accounts for the fact that the world at large uses a great number of automobiles. In some countries where automobiles are found in millions they are playing a most important part in the solution of many problems of transport.
The development of automobiles is also accountable to a large extern e progress in road maintenance, improvement and construction.
2. Read the text
Text 2. THE EARLY DAYS OF THE AUTOMOBILE
Like most other great human achievements, the motor car is not the product of any single inventor.
One of the earliest attempts to propel a vehicle by mechanical power was suggested by Isaac Newton. But the first self-propelled vehicle was constructed by the French military engineer Cugnot in 1763. He built a steam-driven engine which had three wheels, carried two passengers and ran at maximum speed of four miles per hour.
In 1784 the Russian inventor Kulibin built a three-wheeled carriage.
In his vehicle he used for the first time such new elements as brakes, rollers and a gearbox.
In 1825 a steam engine was built in Great Britain. The vehicle carried 18 passengers and covered 8 miles in 45 minutes. However, the progress of motor cars met with great opposition in Great Britain. Further development of motor car lagged because of the restrictions resulting from legislative acts. The most famous of these acts was the Red Flag Act of 1865, according to which the speed of the steam-driven vehicles was limited to 4 miles per hour and a man with a red flag had to walk m front of it.
In Russia there were cities where motor cars were outlawed altogether. When the editor of the local newspaper in the city of Uralsk bought a car, the governor issued these instructions to the police: "When the vehicle appears in the streets, it is to be stopped and escorted to the police station, where its driver is to be prosecuted."
3. Answer the questions:
- Is the motor car a product of a single inventor?
- When was the first self-propelled vehicle constructed?
- What elements did the Russian inventor Kulibin use for the first time in his vehicle?
- Did the progress of motor cars meet with great opposition?
4. Read the text and mark the statements 'True' or 'False':
1. Isaac Newton constructed the first self-propelled vehicle.
2. Kulibin built a three-wheeled carriage.
3. Cugnot used brakes, rollers and a gearbox for the first time.
4. A steam engine was built in France in 1835.
5. Cugnot built a steam driven engine.
6. A steam-driven engine had four wheels and carried five passengers.
6. Put the words into the right place:
Swiss, vehicles, engine (2), steam, claim, develop, mechanical, Paris, automobile.
Although Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot is often credited with the first self-propelled _vehicle or automobile, this claim is disputed by some, who doubt Cugnot's three-wheeler ever ran, while others _ Ferdinand Verbiest, a member of a Jesuit mission in China, built the first _ powered car around 1672. In either case Francois Isaac de Rivaz, a _ inventor, designed the first
internal combustion _ which was fuelled by a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen and used it to _ the world's first vehicle I to run on such an _. The design was not very successful, as was the case with Samuel Brown, Samuel Morey, and Etienne Lenoir who each produced _ powered by clumsy internal combustion engines.
In November 1881 French inventor Gustave Trouve demonstrated a working three-wheeled _. This was at the International Exhibition of Electricity in _.
2. Insert the words from ex. 1 into the text:
THE ELECTRIC
Thе electric automobile energized by _ appeared to have a great future nearly a century ago.
In 1888, Scientific American described an English electric carriage. An ordinary four-passenger "dog cart", the vehicle was _ by Immisch & Company of London for the Sultan of Turkey. It had a 1-hp motor connected by chain to a _. The makers _ that the twenty-four-cell battery (stored under the seats) could "propel the vehicle at a speed of about ten miles an hour for five hours."
_ at a skating rink in Camden Town, "no great speed could be attained, on account of the confined space and the consequent necessity for frequent sharp turns." One assumes that Turks were properly impressed by their Sultan's electric dog cart.
In 1847, Werner von Siemens publicly said he would build an electric-powered carriage. He did so with the 1897 Viktoria.
Twenty-eight percent of the 4,192 American automobiles produced in 1900 were electric. In the New York automobile show of that year more electrics were on _ than gasoline or steam vehicles.
Some of America's most distinguished _, including Thomas Edison, were _ electrics or _ in their development. And the first American firm to manufacture cars by hundreds was _ well-designed electrics.
3. Find the synonyms of the word “to produce” in the text.
4. Answer the questions:
- What great invention appeared to have a great future nearly a century ago?
- When did Werner von Siemens build an electric-powered carriage?
- How many per cents of American automobiles were electric in 1900?
- What company electrified the vehicle?
- What did company claim?
- What electric car was described by Scientific American in 1888?
5. White down the key sentences from the text and retell it using these sentences.
Unit 3. The motor car clubs and museums
Answer the questions:
- Where do we store the antique models of automobiles?
- Are there any automobile museums in Russia?
- Can you name them?
- Do you know any foreign motor museums or clubs?
- What car models are collected there?
3.Read the text:
Text1. MOTOR CAR CLUBS AND MUSEUMS
There are about 3,000 Americans who like to collect antique cars. They have several clubs such as Antique Automobile Club and Veteran Motor Car Club, which specialize in rare models.
The clubs practice meetings where members can exhibit their cars.
Collectors can also advertise in magazines published by their clubs.
Some magazines specialize in a single type of car such as glorious Model T.
In England there is the famous Beaulieu Motor Museum - the home for veteran cars. There is a car called The Knight in this museum. It is the first British petrol-driven car. Its top speed was only 8 mph.
The founder of the Museum is Lord Montagu, the son of one of England's motoring pioneers, who opened it in 1952 in memory of his father. Lord Mondagu’s father was the first person in England to be fined by the police for speeding. He was fined 5 pounds for going faster than 12 miles per hour.
In the Museum's collection there is a car called the Silver Ghost
It was built by Rolls-Royce in 1907 and called the Silver Ghost because it ran so silently and was painted silver.
Charles Rolls was born in 1881 in Great Britain. He died in 1910.
He was an aristocrat and businessman. He was especially interested in cars. Once he met another enthusiast of cars Henry Royce.
Henry Royce was a famous car engineer. They decided to design the most comfortable and reliable car.
At the beginning of the 20th century it seemed to be a fantasy. But they worked hard and at last in 1907 they created the world-famous Rolls- Royce car. It was so comfortable and reliable that one of the models of Rolls-Royce cars "Silver Ghost" hadn't changed greatly for 20 years since 1907.
4. Find the Englishequivalents to thefollowing Russian expressions in the text:
Был оштрафованным полицией за преувеличение скорости
решить создать
в час
быть окрашенным в серебряный цвет
в честь отца (в память о отце)
ехать быстрее, чем
быть оштрафованным на пять фунтов
первопроходцы автомобилестроения
журналы, изданные их клубами
самая большая скорость была
5. Use the word in brackets to form a word that fits in the space of each sentence:
1. Consumers in the market for a luxury car are often looking for more (capable) or simply a larger presence than typically provided by a high-end sedan.
2. The luxury SUV market meets that demand and continues to (growth).
3. Originally conceived as rugged workhorses, sport-utility vehicles have evolved into the preferred (choose) of many drivers for everyday transportation.
4. Commuting, running errands and shuttling kids around are the most common activities of the (type) SUV.
5. As sport-utility vehicles continue to grow in popularity, some have become more and more (civilization), culminating in upscale vehicles that deliver sport-utility versatility coupled with interior appointments befitting a luxury sedan.
6. Complete the sentences with one of the endings below:
1. The more traditional truck-based models provide the greatest towing capacity _.
2. According to J.D. Power and Associates, sales this year of premium crossover SUVs _.
3. And while fuel prices have kept sales of larger SUVs flat, the on sales increases _.
4. Comfort, capability and presence are what these plush cruisers are all about, and whether you're headed home from work or up the mountain to ski _.
5. Many premium SUVs are built on existing sport-utility platforms _.
6. Equipped with a permanent and "intelligent" all-wheel-drive system the Land Rover 2 uses an electronically controlled center _.
7. Luxury equipment includes a powered rear liftgate with remote. Mahogany and _.
a)... you'll be sure to arrive in luxury and style.
b) ... while boasting added creature comforts such as leather seating wood trim, full-time all-wheel drive and premium sound navigation systems.
c) ... leather-wrapped steering wheel, and available heated leather seats.
d) …such as the Acura RDX and Land Rover LR2 have increased almost 70 percent over 2006.
e) ... differential to vary the torque split between the front and rear axles as needed. f) … in the full-size SUV segment are via the luxury models.
g) …while car-based “crossover” SUVs combine a taller seating position with a more car-like ride.
Unit 4. The era of gasoline-powered automobile
1. Answer the questions:
- When did the first gasoline-powered automobile appear?
- Who invented it?
4. Read the text and answer the questions:
- Who built the first practical internal combustion engine?
- Who improved the Lenoir engine?
- What era did the Otto engine inaugurate?
- Who introduced the first commercial automobile?
Text I. THE ERA OF THE GASOLINE-POWERED AUTOMOBILE
Inventors on both sides of the Atlantic discovered during the 1880s that technologies for making self-propelled carriages and wagons had progressed dramatically. Soon sundry vehicles powered by steam, internal combustion engines, and electricity were rolling across Germany, France, and the United States.
The first practical internal combustion engine was built by Etienne Lenoir, a Belgian living in France. Patented in 1860, his water-cooled contraption burned coal gas and was noisy and inefficient; even so, for two decades it had many buyers. Lenoir's engine was a clear proof of concept to other inventors, especially in Europe.
Nikolaus Otto, a German, was one of many inspired by Lenoir's technical and commercial success. Mechanically gifted, Otto sought to improve the Lenoir engine, and in the late 1870s he did. Otto's four-cycle design embodied features that would become standard in gasoline automobile engines. The cars of that time were very small, two-seated cars with no roof, driven by an engine placed under the seat. Motorists had to carry large cans of fuel and separate spare parts, for there were no repair or filling stations to serve them.
The Otto engine and the many clones it spawned, though intended to replace small steam engines in industry, inaugurated the era of the gasoline-powered automobile. Clearly, the compact internal combustion engine was a most suitable
technology for the self-propelled vehicle.
Karl Benz, also a German, employed his own Otto-type engine to power a three-wheel carriage in 1885. These tri-wheelers, with a one-cylinder engine that developed 0.8 hp, were put on the market in 1887, perhaps the earliest commercial automobiles.
In 1891 Benz added a four-wheel motorized carriage to his company's offerings. These automobiles sold well and were widely imitated. In the early 1890s, for example, Panhard et Levassor as well as Peugeot in France were peddling cars to the public. Henry Ford, however, was still a long way from building automobiles.
5.Find the words with the following definitions in the text:
- someone who is the first person to make something or think of something
- a passenger vehicle
- wasteful of energy
- making a lot of noise
- thing that does well
- an important or noticeable part of something
- a part that covers the top of a vehicle
- a metal container
- the ability to do something
Это довольно большая контрольная работа по английскому.
