written test 1
Part A. Grammar focus
Present Simple and Present Continuous
Present Simple is used:
Present Continuous is used:
for permanent situations.
She works in an office.
for temporary situations.
He's staying with some friends at the moment.
for repeated actions in the present, especially with adverbs of frequency.
He often buys her flowers.
for actions happening at or around the time of speaking.
He's looking for a new job at the moment.
for facts which are permanently true.
The sun sets in the west.
with always to express annoyance or criticism.
He's always telling lies!
for timetables or programmes.
The lesson starts at 10 o'clock.
for fixed arrangements in the near future. I'm flying to London tomorrow. (It's all arranged. I've already bought the tickets. The time of the action is always stated or understood.)
Time expressions used with
Present Simple:
Time expressions used with
Present Continuous:
usually, always, never, often, sometimes, every day/week/month/year etc.
now, at the moment, at present, always, tonight etc.
Adverbs of frequency (often, always, usually, sometimes etc.) are placed before main verbs but after auxiliary / modal verbs (be, nave, can, will, must, shall etc.).
He often goes to the theatre.
He is never late.
Some verbs appear rarely in continuous tenses. They express a permanent state: appear (=seem), be, believe, belong, cost, feel, forget, hate, have (=possess), know, like, love, mean, prefer, realize, remember, see, smell, seem, sound, suppose, taste, think, understand, want etc.
I understand (NOT am understanding)it now.
Exercise 1. Choose a verb from the list and complete the text and put the verbs into Present Continuous.
read, sleep, eat, sail, cry, drink, run, sing, play, fish, sit
Laura 1) _ under a sunshade. Two boys 2) _ round a sandcastle while their father 3) _ a newspaper. Tom 4) _ Coke. Two girls 5) _ ice-cream while their mother 6) _ along with the radio. Some boys 7) _ football near a man who 8) _g. Jim 9) _. On his right a baby 10) is crying. Some people 11) are sailing past the beach.
Exercise 2. Put the verbs in brackets into Present Simple or Present Continuous.
Chris is asking Kim about her holiday arrangements.
Where _you _? (go)
How _ you _ there? (get)
What time _ the plane _? (leave)
When _ it _ in Cairo? (arrive)
Where _ you _when you get there? (stay)
Why _ you _ to go there? (want)
_ you _ a camera with you? (take)
Exercise 3. Put the verbs in brackets into Present Simple or Present Continuous.
It 1) _(be) winter and the snow 2) _ (fall). It usually 3) _ (snow) in January here. Betty and James 4) _ (play) in the garden. They 5) _ (build) a snowman and they 6) _ (throw) snowballs. They 7) _ (like) the snow very much! Their mother and father 8) _ (not/like) it. They always 9) _(stay) in the house when it is cold. Mother usually 10) _ (watch) TV and Father 11) _ (listen) to the radio or 12) _(read) a book. At the moment they 13) _ (sit) in the living-room. Mother 14) _ (write) a letter and Father 15) _ (read) a book.
Exercise 4. Fill in with Present Simple or Continuous.
Sue: What 1) _ you _(you/do) now?
Mark: I 2) _ (look) through these old film magazines. Look, here's an old picture of Jack Nicholson.
Sue: Oh, I 3) _ (think) he 4) _ (look) awful! And his suit 5) _ (not/fit) him properly.
Mark: Yes, I 6) _ (agree). And he 7) _ (appear) to be really angry. I wonder what he 8) _ (think) about.
Sue: He 9) _ (be) in that new film that's on at the Odeon now, isn't he?
Mark : Yes, I saw it last night. He 10) _ (look) very different now. He 11) _(weigh) a lot more.
Sue: I 12) _(hope) it's a good film. I 13) _ (see) it tonight. Stuart 14) _ (take) me. Actually, he 15) _ (be) very nice to me these days.
Mark : He probably 16) _ (want) to borrow some money.
Sue: I 17) _(see). That explains it.
Past Simple and Present Perfect
Past Simple:
verb + ed
Present Perfect:
have + past participle
Past Simple is used:
Present Perfect is used:
for actions which happened at a stated time in the past.
He sold his car two weeks ago. (When? Two weeks ago.)
for actions which happened at an unstated time in the past.
He has sold his car. (When? We don't know.)
to express a past state or habit.
When she was young she lived in a small flat.
to express actions which have finished so recently that there's evidence in the present.
He has just painted the room. (The paint is wet.)
for past actions which happened one after the other.
She put on her coat, took her bag and left the house.
for actions which started in the past and continue up to the present.
She has lived in this house for two years. (She still lives in this house.)
BUT: He lived in Australia for one year. (He doesn't live in Australia now.)
for a past action whose time is not mentioned and it is not connected with the present.
I saw Elvis Presley. (I won't see him again; he's dead. – period of time now finished)
for a past action whose time is not mentioned but it is connected with the present.
I've met Madonna. (I may meet her again; she's still alive. – period of time not finished yet)
Time adverbs and expressions used with Past Simple:
Time adverbs and expressions used with Present Perfect:
yesterday, last week/month/year/ Monday etc, ago, how long ago, just now, then, when, in 1980 etc.
just, ever, never, always, already, yet, for, since, so far, how long, recently, today, this week/month/year, once, several times etc.
Special points for Past Simple and Present Perfect:
Since is used to express a starting point.
For is used to express a period of time.
Yet is used in questions and negations.
Already is used in statements and questions.
Just + Present Perfect
Just now+ Past Simple
I've known Ann since October.
I've known Ann for two months.
Have you met him yet? I haven't met him yet.
I've already posted the letters.
I've just called the doctor.
He left just now.
Exercise 5. Fill in Present Simple or Present Perfect.
I 1) _ (know) Timmy for a long time. We always 2) _(play) together. Timmy 3) _ (not/can) read or write because he 4) _ (never/be) to school. He 5) _ (have) long brown hair since he was born. Не 6) _ (live) in our house for five years. My parents 7) _(take) care of him while I 8 _ (be) at school. Timmy 9) _ (not/work); actually he 10) _ (never/have) a job. This 11) _ (not/be) strange because Timmy 12) _(be) my dog.
Exercise 6. Put the verbs in brackets into Present Perfect or Past Simple.
Mr Briggs is away on business and he is phoning his wife to see how she is.
Mr Briggs: Hello, darling. How are you? Is everything okay?
Mrs Briggs: I'm fine. I 1) _ (be) very busy since you 2) _ (leave).
Mr Briggs: What 3) _ (you/do) so far?
Mrs Briggs: I 4) _ (do) the painting, I 5) _ (mend) the bookshelf and I 6) _ (build) a cupboard. I 7) _ (have) my hair cut and I 8) _ (go) to the dentist's. Oh, and yesterday I 9) _(speak) to a builder about the garage.
Mr Briggs: A builder? The garage? What 10) _ (happen) to the garage?
Mrs Briggs: Well, the garage wall 11) _ (fall down) two days ago.
Mr Briggs: WHAT?????
Mrs Briggs: I… I 12) _ (not/finish) yet. We, well, the neighbour 13) _(have) a little accident. He 14) _ (drive) into the garage wall.
Mr Briggs: Oh no! He 15) _ (not/crash) into my new car, did he?
Mrs Briggs: No! Your car 16) _ (be) fine. Don't worry!
Exercise 7. Put the verbs in brackets into Present Perfect or Past Simple.
Tina: What 1) _ (you/do) last weekend?
Jane: I 2) _ (spend) the weekend in Bristol and I 3_ .(just/return).
Tina: I 4) _ (never/be) to Bristol. What's it like?
Jane: Friends of mine 5) _ (live) there for five years so they know some interesting, fun places.
Tina: 6) _ (you/enjoy) yourself?
Jane: Yes. It 7) _ (be) great! I 8) _ (not/have) such a good time for ages.
Tina: That's good. 9) _ (you/decide) what you're doing this weekend?
Jane: 10) I_(already/invite) my friends from Bristol to stay with me for the weekend.
Exercise 8. Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect or the past simple.
John: I don't know where to go on holiday this year. Have you got any ideas?
Darren: 1) _ (you/ever/be) to Spain? I 2) _(go) to Madrid and Barcelona last year and I really 3) _ (enjoy) myself.
John: I 4) _ (spend) two years in Spain while 5) I _ (be) at University. 6) I _ (never/visit) South America, though.
Darren: A friend of mine 7) _ (work) in Brazil before. I think you 8) _ (meet) her once. Do you remember Kate?
John: Oh, yes. She 8) _ (love) it in Brazil. Maybe I'll talk to her about it.
The Passive
The passive is formed with
the appropriate tense of the verb to be + past participle
Active Voice
Passive Voice
Present Simple
He delivers letters.
Letters are delivered.
Past Simple
He delivered the letters.
The letters were delivered.
Present Perfect
He has delivered the letters.
The letters have been delivered.
Future Simple
He will deliver the letters.
The letters will be delivered.
Past Perfect
He had delivered the letters.
The letters had been delivered.
Present Continuous
He is delivering the letters.
The letters are being delivered.
Past Continuous
He was delivering the letters.
The letters were being delivered.
Infinitive
He has to deliver the letters.
The letters have to be delivered.
Modals
(modal + be + past participle)
He may deliver the letters.
He must deliver the letters.
The letters may be delivered.
The letters must be delivered.
The Passive is used:
when the agent (= the person who does the action) is unknown, unimportant or obvious from fie context.
Jane was shot. (We don't know who shot her.)
This church was built in 1815. (unimportant agent)
He has been arrested. (obviously by the police)
when the action is more important than the agent, as in processes, instructions, events, reports, headlines, news items, and advertisements.
30 people were killed in the earthquake.
to make more polite or formal statements. The car hasn't been cleaned. (more polite) You haven’t cleaned the car. (less polite)
to put emphasis on the agent.
The new library will be opened by the Queen.
Changing from Active into Passive.
The object of the active verb becomes the subject in the new sentence.
e.g. Picasso painted that picture.
The active verb changes into a passive form and the subject of the active verb becomes the agent. The agent is introduced with by or it is omitted.
e.g. That picture was painted by Picasso.
After modal verbs (will, can, must, have to, should, may, ought to) we use be + past participle.
e.g. You can use the machine for cutting bread.
e.g. The machine can be used for cutting bread.
With verbs taking two objects it is more usual to begin the passive sentence with the person.
e.g. I sent her some roses.
e.g. She was sent some roses. (more usual) or Some roses were sent to her. (less usual)
We put the agent (= the person who does the action) into the passive sentence only if it adds information. When the agent is unknown, unimportant or obvious it is omitted. Agents such as people (in general), they, somebody etc. are omitted.
e.g. Bell invented the telephone.
e.g. The telephone was invented by Bell. (The agent is not omitted because it adds information.)
e.g. Somebody murdered him.
e.g. He was murdered (by somebody). (unknown agent is omitted.)
e.g. The police arrested him.
e.g. He was arrested (by the police). (obvious agent is omitted.)
Exercise 9. Put the verbs in brackets into Present Simple Passive.
There is a chimpanzee which 1) is called (call) "Bubbles". It 2) is owned (own) by Michael Johnson. It 3) is kept (keep) in home. It 4) is fed (feed) every day by Michael Johnson himself. It 5) is always dressed (always/dress) in funny clothes. It 6) is said (say) that "Bubbles" is Michael Johnson's only friend.
Exercise 10. Turn from Active into Passive.
1. Someone has broken the crystal vase.
2. His parents have brought him up to be polite.
3. Fleming discovered penicillin.
4. They will advertise the product on television.
5. Someone is remaking that film.
Exercise 11. Turn from Active into Passive.
1. You must leave the bathroom tidy.
2. You should water this plant daily.
3. Our neighbour ought to paint the garage.
4. I have to return these books to the library.
Exercise 12. Turn from Active into Passive as in the example :
He gave me a present.
e.g. I was given a present. (more usual) / A present was given to me. (less usual)
2. The waiter will bring us the bill.
3. Bob has sold Ted a second-hand car.
4. The Queen presented him with a medal.
5. Larry is going to send a letter to Tom.
6. Her mother bought Mary some sweets.
Exercise 13. Turn from Active into Passive.
1. My friend sent me an invitation. e.g. I was sentan invitation.
2. The cleaner is going to mop the kitchen floor.
3. The farmer is building a new barn.
4. The secretary has given Mrs Jones some letters.
5. The traffic warden had already given him a ticket for illegal parking.
6. People must obey the law.
7. Someone had broken our door down.
8. They chose him as the best actor of the year.
Exercise 14. Rewrite the following passage into Passive.
Someone broke into a local jewellery shop yesterday. The owner had just locked up the shop when a robber with a gun threatened him. The robber told him to unlock the shop and give him all the diamonds in the safe. Then the robber tied him up. The police have organised a search for the robber. They hope they will find him in a few days. Doctors are treating the owner of the shop for shock.
Exercise 15. Rewrite the following passage into Passive.
My uncle painted this picture. Someone has offered him a lot of money for it. He will deliver the painting tomorrow. When they give him the money he will tell them the truth. He painted it one night while he was sleepwalking!
Part B. Subject area: "Science and technology"
Topic vocabulary in contrast
artificial / false
aim / cause / reason
progress / development
natural / physical
estimate /calculate
modern / new
true / accurate
electric/electronic
industry/factory
method / way
invent / discover
award / reward
engine / machine / motor
research / experiment
take place / occur
Phrasal verbs
break down
stop working (for a machine, etc.)
carry out
perform an experiment, etc.
come off
succeed
come on
develop or make progress
come up with
think of (an idea, a plan, etc.)
cut off
stop the supply of sth
find out
discover information, etc.
give off
produce sth such as heat or a smell
narrow down
reduce the number of possibilities
plug in
connect to the electricity supply
put through
connect by phone
turn into
change into sth different
turn off
stop a machine working
work out
find the solution to a problem, etc.
Phrases and collocations
attempt
make an attempt (at sth/doing / to do); attempt to do;
in an attempt to do
average
on average
beginning
in the beginning; at the beginning (of sth);
beginning with
bottom
at/on the bottom (of sth)
cause
(be/find/look for/etc) the cause of sth
conclusion
come to/reach the conclusion (that); in conclusion
experiment
do/perform/carry out an experiment (on sth);
experiment with sth/doing
fact
in fact; as a matter of fact;
the fact (of the matter) is (that); face the facts
introduction
with the introduction of sth; an introduction to sth/sb
phone call
make/receive/get a phone call
photo(graph)
take a photo (of sth/sb)
research
carry out / do research (on/into sth)
Word patterns
cause sth (to do)
consider sth/doing; consider if/whether; consider sb for sth; consider it strange, etc (for sb to do)
discuss sth/doing (with sb)
explain that; explain sth (to sb)
intend to do/doing
know (about) sth/doing; know of sb; be known as sth
look at/for sth/sb; look forward to sth/doing
manage to do
plan sth; plan to do
possible (for sb) to do; find sth possible; find it impossible to d
result of sth/doing; result in sth; result in (your) doing; result from sth/doing;
as a result of sth
wonder about sth/doing; wonder if/whether/why
Word formation
appear
appearance, apparently
build
builder, building
discover
discovery
explain
explanation
important
unimportant, importance, importantly
introduce
introduction, introductory
invent
inventor, invention
observe
observer, observation
possible
impossible, (im)possibility, (im)possibly
psychology
psychologist, psychological(ly)
research
researcher
revolution
revolutionary
science
scientist, (un)scientific(ally)
technology
technological(ly), technical(ly); technician, technique
wood
wooden
rcise 1. Topic vocabulary in contrast. Choose the correct answer.
Modern science
It seems entirely 1) _ to us that there are teams of scientists in universities and other institutions around the world attempting to 2) _ the way the world works. However, it hasn't been that 3)_. Although the scientific method is now four or five hundred years old, the ancient Greeks, for example, believed that they could work out the 4) _of natural events just by the power of thought.
During the 17th century, more and more people began to realise that they could 5) _ their ideas by designing a relevant 6) _ and seeing what happened. A lot of 7) _ was 'in this way by individual scientists. These men and women often worked alone, carrying out 8) _ into many different areas of science, and they often received very little 9)_ for their hard work. At the start of the 20th century, though, it became 10) _ that science was becoming more complicated and more expensive. The individual scientist disappeared, to be replaced by highly qualified teams of experts. Modern science was born.
A physical B natural С typical D real
A create В invent С construct D discover
A route В method C way D technique
A aims В reasons C causes D impulses
A calculate В estimate С measure D test
A experiment В research С attempt D analysis
A development В movement C progress D evolution
A research В experiment С discovery D education
A award В prize С gift D reward
A dear В true С accurate D actual
Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary in contrast. Choose the correct word.
Many materials have been used for artificial / false teeth, including wood.
Be careful! You might give yourself an electric / electronic shock!
I’m afraid the problem with your washing machine is the engine / motor.
Many employers in the chemicals industry / factory object to the new law.
My computing exam is taking place / occurring next week.
Technology is a fundamental part of new / modern life.
We had our car serviced and it seems there's a problem with the engine / machine.
Exercise 3. Phrasal verbs. Complete using the correct form of the words in italics.
plug turn carry narrow put work come break
A lorry had _ down on the motorway and we had to wait for over an hour.
I have _ it down to two computer games, but I still can't make up my mind.
I wish you would _ the TV off and go outside and get some exercise.
Scientists are trying to _ out ways to reduce pollution from aircraft.
Tomorrow, we will be _ out an experiment to test this theory.
Who _ up with the idea of the ball-point pen?
I’ll just _you through to our research department. Please hold on.
No wonder the vacuum cleaner isn't working. You haven't _ it in!
Exercise 4. Phrasal verbs. Match to make sentences.
Alex's electricity A off because she forgot to pay the bill.
was cut…
Wear a mask because В metals such as lead into gold.
these chemicals give…
I'm writing an essay С out who discovered penicillin.
and I need to find…
I was pleased that D on in physics over the last year.
our gamble came…
Alchemists spent E off fumes that can be harmful.
years trying to turn…
Your teacher says F off and the experiment was a success.
you've really come…
Exercise 5. Phrases and collocations. Choose the correct answer.
I don't think people should be allowed to perform experiments _animals.
A for В over С on D to
There was an explosion in technology _ the beginning of the 20th century.
A in В at С through D on
Let's face _ – we are destroying the environment and we need to do something now.
A truth В facts С things D information
The distance from the Earth to the Sun is, _ average, about 149 million kilometres.
A by В on С from D in
It's amazing that creatures survive_ the bottom of the ocean.
A in В by С at D to
Fox Talbot_ the first photograph in 1835.
A gave В did С drew D took
Researchers have _ to the conclusion that your personality is affected by your genes.
A come В got С reached D arrived
Do you mind if I just _ a quick phone call from here?
A do В take С have D make
Many lives were saved _the introduction of antibiotics.
A into В at С with D in
The _ of the nuclear accident is still unknown.
A reason В cause С base D motive
My father works at the university, doing research _ weather control.
A on В to С of D from
The telescope will photograph distant galaxies, _ an attempt to understand their past.
A on В for С with D in
Exercise 6. Word patterns. Find the extra word in each line.
The future
___We were discussing about the future in class today. Some people were
___wondering it whether we would have to live in space when we destroy
___our own planet. I explained them that the answer lies in technology because
___scientists are intend to develop forms of energy that will not damage the
___environment. The problems caused as being a result of technology will be
___solved by technology. I am look forward to our next discussion.
Exercise 7. Word patterns. Complete each second sentence using the word given so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Take the similar meaning in the Word patterns section.
The mistake by scientists caused a massive explosion.
in The mistake by scientists _ a massive explosion.
Dr Atherton finally succeeded in discovering the secret formula.
managed Dr Atherton finally _ the secret formula.
Another name for iron oxide is "fool's gold".
as Iron oxide _ 'fool's gold'.
Many local residents intend to protest about the nuclear power plant.
plan Many local residents _ about the nuclear power plant.
We are thinking of appointing Dr Knight to the position of Professor.
considering We _ the position of Professor.
We cannot live in outer space without special equipment.
us It_to live in outer space without special equipment.
Exercise 8. Word formation. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line.
Qualcomp Powertop
Qualcomp have just brought out their 1) _ new REVOLUTION
Handheld computer, the Powertop. It's 2) _ not POSSIBLE
to love it, with its smooth, shiny 3) _ and its bright APPEAR
screen. It might not be the best 4)_ to handheld INTRODUCE
computing because it is quite advanced, but you'll find
an 5) _ of all the features in the detailed manual. EXPLAIN
The Powertop has been 6) _ designed to fit a lot of SCIENCE
Computing power in your palm. The 7) _ of a unique INVENT
wireless Internet connection means there's a world of
8) _ just waiting for you. We give the Powertop DISCOVER
nine out of ten.
Exercise 9. Word formation. Complete the sentences by changing the form of the word in capitals when this is necessary.
Did you know that George Washington had _ (WOOD) teeth?
The old astronomer patiently made his _ (OBSERVE) and wrote down what he saw.
_ (RESEARCH) have announced that a major breakthrough has been made.
I'm planning to train as a _ (PSYCHOLOGY) when I grow up.
That red _ (BUILD) over there is the Science Department.
The scientist said she had an announcement of international _ (IMPORTANT).
Science Weekly has a special _ (INTRODUCE) offer – the first issue is free!
If there are aliens out there, do you think they are much more _(TECHNOLOGY) advanced than we are?
Glossary
artificial (adj) not natural or real, but made by people: The growers use both natural and artificial light.
false (adj) made to look like something real
realized that the man was wearing a false beard.
natural (adj) existing in nature, and not produced by people: This cloth is made from natural fibres.
physical (adj) real and able to be seen, touched or felt: There was no physical evidence to connect Whitman with the crime.
true (adj) based on facts or on things that really happened: The film is based on a true story.
accurate (adj) correct in every detail and without any mistakes: We need to get an accurate estimate of what the new building will cost.
method (n) a way of doing something, especially a planned or established way: We developed new methods of pollution control.
way (n) a method for doing something: There are so many delicious ways you can prepare chicken.
engine (n) the part of a vehicle that makes it move: There was a problem with the engine, so we took the car to the garage.
machine (n) a piece of equipment with moving parts that does a particular job: Sue showed him how to operate the washing machine.
motor (n) the part of a machine or vehicle that makes it work: The pump is powered by an electric motor.
aim (n) the thing that you hope to achieve by doing something: My main aim on this course is to gain confidence.
cause (n) an event, thing or person that makes something happen: The cause of death was found to be a heart attack.
reason (n) a fact, situation or intention that explains why something happened, why someone did something or why something is true: The police asked her the reason for her visit.
estimate (v) to guess or calculate an amount or value by using available information: It is impossible to estimate how many of the residents were affected.
calculate (v) to discover a number or amount by using mathematics: He calculates that the proposal would cost 4 million.
electric (adj) using or relating to electricity: I've just got a new electric toothbrush.
electronic (adj) using electricity and extremely small electrical parts, such as microchips: Our maths teacher said that we're allowed to use electronic calculators in the exam.
invent (v) to design or create something that did not exist before: Alfred Nobel invented dynamite.
discover (v) to find something that was hidden or that no one knew about before: William Herschel discovered Uranus in 1781.
research (n) the detailed study of something in order to discover new facts: He did some research into the causes of lung cancer.
experiment (n) a scientific test to find out what happens to someone or something in particular conditions: Researchers now need to conduct further experiments.
progress (n) the process of developing or improving: Keep me informed about the progress of the project.
development (n) change, growth or improvement over a period of time: The development in the country's economy means that more people are able to buy their own homes.
modern (adj) relating to or belonging to the present time: Modern offices are usually full of computers.
new (adj) recently made, invented or developed: They are going to build anew office block here.
industry (n) all the businesses involved in producing a particular type of goods or services: The new tax will affect everyone in the fishing industry.
factory (n) a building where large quantities of goods are produced using machines: She works in a factory.
award (n) a prize that is given to someone who has achieved something: She won the Player of the Year award.
reward (n) something good that happens or that you receive because of something that j you have done: You deserve a day off as a reward for working so hard.
take place (phr) to happen: The Olympics take place even four years.
occur (v) to happen: The police said that the accident occurred at about 4.30 pm.
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